Goal Directed Behavior

Parents should eliminate the use of physical punishment as a form of reinforcement for children because it could possibly lead into the act of child abuse; instead, parents should try alternate methods for teaching children acceptable behavior.

Target behaviors can be described as the behavior that is desired to be change through strategic interventions. Before they can be changed they have to be defined, a replacement behavior explored and in the event that there are more behaviors present, they need to be prioritized. Cooper et al described 9 variables to be considered when prioritizing target behaviors to plan for interventions.

Information from the nigra cells passes through the synapses with the aid of a specific hormone, dopamine, which is a significant chemical transmitter in the brain. Because the existence of dopamine is essential to the function of the substania nigra, it is also essential for the various muscular activities controlled by the striatum, such as walking, balance, etc. (16).

Stimulation in most sites in the brain was not reinforcing (ie, the rats did not regularly activate the electrode), but one site in particular was reinforcing: the reward pathway. Because of the positive effects felt when this pathway is stimulated, such behavior is reinforced.

Specific behavior goal: I will increase my physical activity and stamina by completing a 60-minute work out 5 times a week by the end of the next 8 weeks.

Dopamine is commonly known as “The Reward Molecule.” It resides in the central nervous system and influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. More specifically, dopamine is responsible for reward-driven behavior and pleasure seeking. “Every type of reward seeking behavior that has been

where movement is planned or motor behavior is organized. Surely enough, research done on the basal ganglia, namely the striatum and the caudate nucleus, has revealed that dopamine indeed impacts on these areas more prominently in Tourette's patients than in unaffected controls. (5,6) The increased dopamine effect in Tourette's patients may be due to two mechanism. One, the patients may produce more dopamine, hence, their receptors are over-stimulated, leading to excessive neuronal firing, in turn leading to involuntary movements. However, this theory seems to not hold, as presumably neurons would activate compensatory mechanism to deal with the increase in neurotransmitter concentration. If really dopamine was present in excess, one would expect receptor sites to down-regulate. One can assume that dopamine is not present in excess in Tourette's patients. A second mechanism has been proposed. According to this, the dopamine levels in Tourette's patients are equivalent to non-patients, but their receptor sites are supersensitive. This theory seems to hold true and has been successfully confirmed in the laboratory. Research surrounding dopamine binding in implicated structures of the brain yielded, "that binding to D2 dopamine receptors in the caudate nucleus was higher in the sibling

With the SMART goal setting I have set my goal which I feel think the time of my lesson two hours I will be able to finish my lesson on Healthy Digestive System and Eating Habits with all the mini activities that I have plan. My goal is specific because I want to teach my student to know how to be healthy from this young age for their future. This is measurable because I can track my student progress thru the journal that I will be giving my student by the end of the class and I believe my students will progress them self to keep their body healthy. My goal is achievable because if my students are determined to stay healthy, they are able to stay healthy till the end without any problem. From my lesson, I feel my students will be able to measure

For my project, I have sampled the population of RedCard users at Target. I chose to do this because I work at Target, so the data is easily accessible, and I thought it would be interesting to test something that I see every day. To collect my data, I made a tally mark for every transaction that was completed with a RedCard; there was only one instance where a single person made two transactions with the same card. Because of the way I counted transactions, she appears as two data points on my report. For every transaction that was completed with a RedCard, I wrote down the individual’s ethnicity, gender, and whether or not they had kids with them. Keep in mind that ethnicity was recorded to the best of my ability and may not be entirely

Dopamine establishes different levels of the neurotransmitter in both the dorsa striatal and ventral striatal-prefrontal as dopamine is released. The dopamine released in the ventral striatal determines how strenuously individuals perform repeated tasks over time and the dopamine released in the dorsa striatal determines the speed in which the actions occur (p. 645). According to Luck, Wevrick & Vitaterna (2016) dopamine plays a crucial role in reward-associated behavior such as gambling, drug use, and over-eating, hence the word dopamine is often paired with the term “pleasure system.” Associations with dopamine have been correlated with feelings of enjoyment, pleasure and rewarding experiences and the reward canal is concentrated on dopaminergic neurons located mostly in areas of the midbrains (448-449).

Aggression is a learned behavior followed by the genes because primates as well as humans learn all these kind of behaviors through their parents and through the circumstances in which they are in. The nonhuman primates have to learn to be aggressive in order to survive out in the wild, if they do not learn to be aggressive they will be an easy target for others to attack. In the human society it is also a learned behavior in order to survive everyday basis. There is a lot of shootings, death, bullying going around so in order to survive they need to be aggressive and let others know they are not the ones to come for.

The next part the dopamine reward system jumps to is the basal ganglia, which within the basal ganglia is the dorsal striatum. The dorsal striatum’s job is to receive

However, rats injected with scopolamine and had direct placement performed more poorly than those without scopolamine, which continues to prove scopolamine’s block in spatial learning and memory (Malin et al., 2015). Other studies also prove that indeed learning navigation tasks are impaired by cholinergic blockades (Sutherland, Whishaw, and Regher, 1982). On the other hand, rats will develop a non-mapping strategy to locate the platform, which is similar to moving the hidden platform in a water maze (Buresova, Bolhuis, and Bures,

Higgins’ punishments were in the form of endless repetitions of certain phonological features. She was also denied food as a punishment. He also used derision and rude manners with her to mark the

It has been known that PD is a disorder affecting the basal ganglia. The term basal ganglia is generally applied to a collection of nuclei situated deep within the cerebral hemispheres, lying laterally to the thalamus (Gazzeniga, George, and Mangun, 2008). The basal ganglia are important subcortical structures. They are composed of five nuclei: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. These nuclei are not thought of a single anatomical entity; rather, they form a functional unity whose contribution is greatly to motor control. Interestingly, this system does not influence movement through spinal cord pathways, but rather acts as part of a feedback loop to all areas of the cerebral cortex, with primary input into motor areas (Aird, 2000). A number of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are what control this whole process, and a balance of both is required to ensure that smooth, purposeful movement takes place. In order to understand the pathways of which the basal ganglia take part in, it is essential to know the input and output connections of the basal ganglia. The input