Gobekli Tepe

Looking at an artifact’s physical attributes is always the first step to uncovering the archaeological significance

These structures are meant to summon spirits, serve as a place to pray, sing, dance, and much more. Another reason cultures build religious structures, is so

Essentially unchanged for more than thirteen centuries, the Dome of the Rock remains one of the world's most beautiful and enduring architectural treasures. Adorned with its magnificent gold dome and elaborate quranic inscriptions, the structure intimately represents the world's second largest religion in a city historically associated with the three Semitic faiths. Representation, however, is not the only effect of this site. Despite its intended purpose, the Dome of the Rock inherently stands as the focal center of a millennium-old religious controversy. Located on what is essentially the world's holiest site (obviously a speculative assertion) and inscribed with proclamations of Islamic religious superiority, the Dome symbolizes far

The inclusion of the architectural notations were quite elaborate, offering the contributions to society due to engineering design brought about by the desire to have these beautiful places to celebrate God. They seemed to indicate that the Islamic Empire was the center of the scientific world at the time with all the noted scholars and scientists coming to join together to brainstorm. Much of it had to deal with documentation and the recording of events, but without proper counterpoint it is hard to say if it was in fact as critical as it appears.

This is proof of the Sumerian architectural abilities. The architecture in Mesopotamia are considered to have been contemporary with the founding of the Sumerian cities, but there was some complexity in the architectural design during this Protoliterate period (c. 3400-c. 2900 BC). This is shown in the design of many religious buildings. Typical temples of the Protoliterate period--both the platform type and the type built at ground level--are, however, much more elaborate both in planning and ornament. The interior was decorated with cones sunk into the wall, covered in bronze. Most cities were simple in structure, but the ziggurat was one of the world's first complex architectural structures.

According to Document 4 it shows a painting where the figures are wearing clothing made from one of the world’s most important agricultural products. The clothing that they are wearing is made out of flax in other words cotton. This is a very important invention, and the people from Ancient Egypt made the crop Flax in a surplus because in clothing made of this, you deflect heat. Because it tends to be very hot in Ancient Egypt this invention of clothing benefitted them a lot. This invention also led to cultural diffusion because with a surplus of this invention you can trade with other countries and spread your traditions and culture. According to Document 5 it shows a drawing of a ziggurat located in Iran and was built around 1250 B.C. The Ziggurat is a very majestic and beautiful piece of architecture made for the Sumerians to worship their gods. An invention that the Sumerians might have invented that we can tell from the drawing is the arch and ramp. The invention of the ramp is very important because that way heavy things can be moved from the bottom to the top easier. The arch is also important because it can support huge amounts of weight in buildings and other architecture. Document 4 and Document 5 are similar because both of them show incredible inventions that have changed the world for the better. Document 4 did this by showing the creation of clothes that can be worn in heat. Document 5 did this by showing incredible invention of the ramp and arch which makes building easier and more

Göbekli Tepe is a very interesting archaeological site that is located at the top of the mountain limestone ridge in Southeastern Turkey near the Syrian border (Banning 620). It is known as the earliest monumental building, or temple, that mankind has ever created and it was built even before the stage of agriculture, which dates back to some 11,600 years ago (Mann 1st page). Göbekli Tepe belongs to the PPN (Pre-Pottery Neolithic) in terms of its chronological context in world prehistory (Banning 620). In fact, the site can be divided into three different stratigraphic levels that are level 3, level 2A, and level 2B (Banning 620). Level 3 is the oldest level which appears to date back to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) (Banning 621). Each of the buildings measured 15 m by 10 m and contained T-shaped monoliths surrounded by a wall made of stone and mortar (Banning 621). Two U-stone shaped entrances could by identified in two of the buildings (Banning 621). However, the most monumental aspect of the Göbekli Tepe can be attributed to the sophisticated carvings of wild animals, such as scorpions and boars, on the pillars which appears in the pillars of level 3 and level 2A (Banning 621). Moreover, Level 2A, which dates to Middle PPNB, has smaller and more rectangular buildings than Level 3 and it contains delicately implemented tiled floors and T pillars without any decorations (Banning 621). Level 2B dates to the time between level 3 and level 2A, however,

(Haviland et al 2011: 241) Trade increased and many settlements became wealthy. These wealthy communities could support some people as artists and priests. Catal Hyuk is an example of astounding neolithic art, much of which adorns religion shrines. (Levack et al 2009:5)

In 3015, an archeologist named Bob was digging around in a place that used to be called The Kingdom of Bowling Green. Bob was about 20 ft. under ground when he came across something really tough. He thought it was something important so he used a hammer and smashed through it. He came upon what he thought was a worshiping temple. He thought it was one because there was a prayer room (2). Also, it had a sacrifice chair (3), a wooden box to lay sacrificed bodies on top of(4), a smaller wooden box with religious books of many different sizes and scented oils to attract the gods(5), a throne for the priests and religious leaders (6) and a holder for the priest's robes(7).

The Pantheon is an iconic part of architecture, particularly in the mediterranean. Constructed in Imperial Rome, the Pantheon was an incredible piece that forever influenced the basics of architecture. A similar piece, contemporary to the Pantheon, would be the Dome of the Rock. Found in Jerusalem, the Umayyad caliph built the shrine in the seventh century to serve a function as an Islamic shrine. Being the oldest extant Islamic monument known to man, the Dome of the Rock is sacred to both the Muslim and jewish religions.While being in completely different cultures, the Pantheon and the Dome of the Rock share numerous similarities varying from their functionality to the characteristic style of the domes.

noticed. By sharing a purpose, both structures act as a shrine for different religions to reach God.

Architecture comes with many significant meanings, including religious significance. The Pantheon, built from 118 to 125 CE in Rome, Italy, was a temple made to worship the Roman gods and goddesses. This temple is one of the most important buildings both in history and architecture, influencing many other monuments with its form, such as The Dome of the Rock. The Dome of the Rock, built from 687 to 692 CE, was the first great Islamic building. Located in Jerusalem, it is a shrine still very significant to many religions, such as Judaism and Christianity, today. Though not resembling each other in appearance, these buildings are extremely similar, in terms of religious meaning. The Pantheon and the Dome of the Rock, through their own distinctive form and similar location backgrounds, illuminate religion as the most important factor in each society, as these monuments symbolize a sense of unification throughout the city.

Regardless of how out of place it may be in both time and scope Gobekli Tepe does exist, and one of the primary questions that still lie unanswered pertains to what its exact purpose truly was. “The gulf that separates us from Gobekli Tepe’s builders is almost unimaginable […] though I stood among the looming monoliths […] they didn’t speak to me. They were utterly foreign, placed there by people who saw the world in a way I will never comprehend.” (Curry 2008:60). That it is a communal meeting place for a

From our DCF calculations, the value of Torrington as a stand-alone entity is $1.181 billion. However, the maximum purchase price for Torrington should only be $641 million. The optimum debt amount for this transaction would be $301 million. This amount of debt would result in a total debt to capital ratio for Torrington of 47%, within the range for a BBB “investment grade” debt rating. The combined entities, Torrington-Timken, would produce an interest coverage ratio of 3.2, and a debt ratio of 45%, again within the range for a BBB “debt rating. The purchase would likely be a cash transaction.

Religions played an important role in both Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations. It allowed people to worship Gods who they believed to ensure good lives. However, both civilizations did not use judge morality. Sumerians believed that Gods give them good living condition rather than judge it. Sumerian religion was created from myths and ritual prayers. Sumerians were “literal servants” and obey to the Gods. They offered prayers, gifts to the gods and Gods blessed people with good condition. Gods of Sumerians were Heaven creating of day and night, The Great Above making up of the space between the sky and the earth, and The Great Below where people go after death. Like Sumerian, Egypt religion was also created from myths along with traditions.