Goiter Research Paper

Experts aren’t sure the exact cause of Graves’ disease because it is an autoimmune disease. There are certain risk factors associated with Graves’ disease which include genetics, gender, age, pregnancy, mental stress, and smoking. People who have family history of this disease are more likely to develop it. Also females are more likely than males to acquire Graves’ disease and onset of the disease usually occurs after the age of 20. Anatomy affected by this disease is the thyroid gland which is part of the endocrine system. It is located at the back of the neck, below the Adam’s apple. This disease doesn’t destroy the thyroid gland, instead an antibody called thyrotropin receptor antibody makes the thyroid produce large amounts of hormone. The thyroid produces two hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones affect many body systems and play a key role in regulating the body’s metabolic rate. Excessive secretion of these hormones is what causes the signs and symptoms that have already been described.

According to The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis begins with a physical exam and medical history. A goiter, nodules, or growths may be found during a physical exam, and symptoms may suggest hypothyroidism. Health care providers will then perform blood tests to confirm the diagnosis. Diagnostic blood tests may include the TSH, which, if above normal lab values, means a patient has hypothyroidism. Blood tests also include T4, which is the amount of thyroid hormone in the blood. In hypothyroidism, the blood lab values are lower than normal. The anti-thyroid antibody tests look for presence of thyroid autoantibodies. Most people with Hashimoto’s disease have these antibodies; however, hypothyroidism isn’t always caused

*TFT (thyroid function tests) – there are several diff. types of hormones so multiple test may be performed, Thyroid scans (radioscan or Scintiscan) – the pt will ingests radioactive iodine then an x-ray study performed to test thyroid

Hashimoto thyroiditis is a common disease caused by hypothyroidism. The immune system cells attack the thyroid gland, causing inflammation and eventually destruction of the gland. This reduces the thyroids ability to make hormones. These hormones are known as thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) (Better health channel 2015).

Usually patients accidentally come across diagnostics of the disease. For example, a change in female hormone levels can be a good indicator for whether a person has an adrenal tumor. One would investigate whether an incidentaloma was influencing adrenal cortical hormone levels by performing numerous tests and diagnostics. The first step is the collection of urine or blood samples to be tested for adrenal gland hormone levels. If a suspicious

Dr. Hakaru Hashimoto identified four patients with similar characteristics such as: “diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, fibrosis, parenchymal atrophy, and eosinophilic change in some of the acinar cells.” Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis often presents a painless yet enlarged thyroid gland, called a goiter. Hashimoto’s disease was often misdiagnosed and often found by either surgery or a thyroidectomy, according to Syrenicz, Anhelli (2013)

A goiter, nodules, or growths may be found during a physical exam, and symptoms may suggest hypothyroidism.

TSH not only stimulates the thyroid gland to churn out more hormones. If in excess, can cause overwhelming cell growth and division to result in goiter.

Signs of a problem with the thyroid gland are swelling in the thyroid area of the neck which may or may not be painful. There may also be an enlargement of the thyroid. The doctor will palpate (feel) the throat for swelling or nodules (lumps) on the thyroid gland. Upon scanning the thyroid gland, lumps or nodules could appear which may or may not be cancerous. These nodules can occur in any age group, but most occur in people as they age. The lump may be solid of full of liquid (cystic).

Thyroid nodules are lumps in the thyroid often called adenomas. These adenomas are quite common affecting around seven percent our countries population. These lumps on the thyroid can become very active and thus produce a large amount of thyroid hormone. In some cases hyperthyroidism is brought on by consuming too much medication that treats an underactive thyroid.

The tympanic membrane and thyroid gland are two of the many features that will assessed on a patient. When abnormalities or disruption in the normal function of either of these persist, permanent damage can occur. To know if there is a disruption in the normal function, we must know what the normal function and purpose is. This paper will review possible finding for the tympanic membrane, how to examine the thyroid gland, and give an assessment note using the subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) note format.

Toxic nodular goiters are nodules that secrete thyroid hormones independent of TSH stimulation. They are usually benign follicular adenomas. Nodules larger than about 3 cm can cause a thyrotoxic crisis, also known as thyroid storm. This is a life threatening emergency; death is rare if treatment is initiated early and vigorously.

A specimen of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) taken from the lesion was reported as colloid goiter with the presence of malignant cells. Computed tomography (CT) scan was performed and revealed the presence of thyroid mass involving bilateral lobes and isthmus with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy (Figure 1) and evidence of lung metastases (Figure 2). Over the course of one month, she developed progressive worsening of obstructive airway symptoms requiring an emergency tracheostomy to be performed, while total thyroidectomy was successfully performed in the following week once her general condition had been optimized. Intraoperatively, there were multiple, malignant looking thyroid nodules mostly on left lobe infiltrating the anterior

Thyroid enlargement or goiter, known by the term is the most common clinical manifestation of the disease of the thyroid gland. Its appearance reflects the presence of abnormalities in the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which is often caused by a deficiency of iodine consumption. Goiter itself can be divided into two types, namely, diffuse and multinoduler. Goiter can also be divided up based on thyroid function in the event of the enlargement, namely the normal (non-toxic), overactive (toxic), or even the less active (goiter hypothyroid). The appearance of this goiter can reach 50% of the population.

Although both fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and ultrasound are considered to be the most important tools in thyroid nodules evaluation, uncertain diagnosis of the nodule even by experienced hands still remains a problem and sometimes surgery has to be done for precise diagnosis. The percentage of indeterminate nodules might be small, however a significant number of patients performed surgery for benign disease (3); thus there is a need for a new noninvasive presurgical diagnostic test to avoid unnecessary surgery (4).