Goldstein Tripartite Model: The Relation Of Violent Crime

The Goldstein tripartite was created to show three types of drug related violence. “Goldstein…explained that, substance abuse leads to crime, via his popular tripartite conceptual framework… psychopharmacological model, economic compulsive model, and systemic violence model” (Sarker, S.K., & Faller, E.M., 2016). They are systemic violence, pharamacological violence, and economically compulsive violence. Systemic violence is when violence occurs between the seller and the buyer. “…violent acts that …exist within a network of illicit drug trafficking and distribution” (Levinthal, C.F., 2012), p.93. This behavior is normal in the drug world. Some systemic violence are disputes between dealers, dealers being robbed, removal of snitches, and collecting

The Goldstein (1985) tripartite model differentiates the drug-crime relationship in three types. According to Levinthal (2012), the three major types of drug related violence including (1) pharmacological violence, (2) economic compulsive violence, and (3) systemic violence. Studies confirm, drug related violence are linked; however, factors deviate with each individual (Levinthal, 2012).

The third factor is the expansion and contraction of the urban crack market (Rosenfeld, 2011). Homicides and robberies increased in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, this was attributable to the rise of killings and delinquency of juveniles and young people under the age of 24 (Rosenfeld, 2011). The killings were due to the sudden rise of urban crack markets and the growing use of handguns which became a way of life for those involved. Since cocaine was very expensive and crack was fairly easy to make and cheaper to buy, it became the drug to sell for the common street dealer. In essence, as older dealers were being incarcerated, violence among the younger inner city drug dealers increased, younger dealers on the streets were more apt to be quicker on the draw than their older predecessors (Rosenfeld, 2011).

In the world of the criminal justice system, drug related makes up quite a large number. (2012) But what why is this such a big problem in the United States? Why is this issue so important to stop? Why is this war on drug such a big deal? Within these next few pages, we will enter the world of drug trafficking and distribution and answer such questions. We will talk about how Park and Burgess’s Zone theory can be applied to how drugs are distributed, Merton’s Strain Theory, and Culture Conflict Theory. By the end of this paper, you should be able to get an inside look to why this type of crime is a easy crime to turn to.

CRIMINOLOGYDoes drug use cause crime, does crime cause drug use or is the relationship entirely co-incidental?INTRODUCTIONIn this paper I will look at the amount and type of crime caused by drugs, the relationship between drugs and crime and the relationship between alcohol and crime.

Arising from President Richard Nixon’s “war on drugs”, this major increase in prison population is about 790 percent higher than it was in the 1980s, despite the fact that violent crime has been on the decline (Flatow). As President Nixon declared drugs the root cause of social instability, American citizens grew fearful of “crime”, although the term may be translated loosely, and

Illicit drug consumption is closely associated with criminal behaviour. Crimes linked with illicit drug consumption include shoplifting, property crime, drug dealing, violence and aggression and driving will be intoxicated. The associated burdens on communities take account of medical, public health, and criminal-justice costs, as well as public disorder and property crime.

Crime occurs when someone the formal written law by an overt act, omission or neglect that can result in punishment (Macionis, et, al., 2013, p.161). The impact of deviance can last for a long time on an individual, and the coping up ways of each individual that has been affected by crime differs from one another. Macionis, et, al., (2013) states that, “the problem of illegal drugs in countries such as Canada is a demand issue. The demand for cocaine and other drugs is increasing in alarming rate; as a result people look for illegal ways to get drugs. Which increase in crime rate on how people smuggle these drug to where it’s illegal, and high rates of addiction in many young people who are willing to risk arrest or even death for a chance

Although there are several theories, there is substantial evidence suggesting methamphetamine-induced serotonergic imbalances are responsible for the increased and enhanced aggressiveness characteristic of methamphetamine users. Degeneration of serotonin in the front striatal region of the brain as a result of methamphetamine use and abuse can be shown to produce violent and unpredictable behaviour as a result of the brains inability to regulate appropriate behavioural responses to external stimuli. Therefore, the mechanism of the chemical substance serotonin in regions of the brain that regulate behaviour (such as the orbitofrontal, dorsolateral and prefrontal cortex) can be seen to be responsible for the violence associated with the use of

A common belief is that drugs cause crime; and in the criminal justice system there are terms used for crime that is related to or due to the use of drugs. First there are “drug defined offences”, in which is the possession, use, sale, or manufacturing of illegal drugs. Second, is “drug related offences”, which occur when drugs are either the motive or the incentive. This occurs when a person is either under the influence of a drug and commits a crime; commits a crime in order to get money for drugs; or commits a crime due to the distribution of drugs. The final term is “drug-using lifestyle” in which individuals do not have a legitimate economic income and are involved in the illegal manufacturing and distribution of drugs (Pacitti, Balleine, & Killcross, 2013).

It is apparent that guns, drugs, and drug houses are not the direct problem, rather just a tool of the core problems and divisions at hand. As Roth states, “It is impossible for researchers to hold historical circumstances constant while they study the influence of a single factor. Some social scientists claim that they can measure the impact of gun laws or unemployment or the death penalty on homicide rates by controlling statistically for the impact of other variables. Those claims are false” (14). Although, the police force in Birmingham uses these factors to explain the rising homicide problems, these explanations ignore core problems in our

Per resent research some forms of aggression can be linked to substance abuse. The study was made by Emil Coccaro, MD, and colleagues. The study consisted of over 9,000 subjects in the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). The NCS is a national study base that covers mental heath in the United States. The people used in this study were mostly diagnosed with “Intermittent Explosive Disorder,” also known as IED.

In her article “The Drugs Relationship: Exploring Dynamic and Static Models,” Lesley Williams Reid examines the relationship between drugs and crime by looking at offenders’ environment. For example she surveyed 835 men in four different cities, which lead her to make her own theories which was that criminals had committed their first crime at an early age and drug users also started at an early age (Reid, 2001). The weakness in Reid article is that she based her research on male inmates in maximum security. This is a weakness because she is only focusing on one gender and one small population.

Crime and violence has been a apart of America since the birthing of our nation. Hate crime specifically is a prejudice-motivated crime, when someone targets a victim because of their belonging to a social class. The various groups that receive the most attacks are women, the disabled, religious groups more specifically Jewish people, the LGBTQI community and racial minority groups more specifically African-Americans. For many this oppression and attacks have gone on for more than 100 years, but through it all they have had support from activist groups who stand up and believe in their fair and equal treatment. One can only hope that rate for hate crimes will go down in America one day, but with that it will take tolerance and belief that we

-One of the two basic ways of looking at drugs is psychological and sociological effect which focus is on the study of substances that alter our feelings, thoughts, perception of the world, and behavior. Psychoactive drugs are illegal drugs such as heroin, cocaine, marijuana, ecstasy, LSD, PCP, ketamine and GHB, that influence the functioning of the brain, behavior, and experiences .The other way to look at drugs is the social circumstances that lead to drug-taking behavior. First the use of psychoactive drugs modifies the functioning of the brain both at the time during which the drug is present in the body and later when the drug taking behavior stops. Second, drug dependence is a result of a complex interaction of the individual and his and her environment. All drugs, whether illegal or legal, can become dangerous substances when abused. Therefore, the legal classification of drugs means little in terms of how toxic or addictive a substance may be. Some of the most potent medications prescribed by doctors are as harmful if not more so as some of the drugs classified as controlled or banned substances.