Gonadotropin Simulation

Progesterone is the most important hormone as after ovulation – (during the luteal phase) progesterone levels will increase slowly.

These changes are typically brought on by hormonal fluxes that control the different phases of the cycle in order to ovulate a mature oocyte. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days in length and progresses through four distinct phases, each with its own regulatory hormone. The phases and their associated days are as follows: menstruation, or the early follicular phase (days 1–4), late follicular phase (days 5–11), periovulation (days 12–15) and the luteal phase (days 16–28). 1 The major hormonal secretion sites are the hypothalamus, which secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary, which secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and the ovaries, which secrete estrogens and progesterone. Of the three types of estrogen involved in the menstrual cycle, estradiol, estrone and estriol, estradiol is considered the most potent and is known as E1.2 In lieu of discussing the many hormonal fluctuations of a typical menstrual cycle, a diagram has been included to display the oscillations of the hormones described

The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPO) is the regulatory axis of the reproductive system. The principal regulatory hormone for the HPO axis is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); this hormone is produced by neurons of the preoptic and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The hormone is released into the hypophyseal portal system, and stimulates the pituitary follicles, which encourages hormone secretion. This in turn encourages the secretion of estradiol and progesterone by the ovaries.

The Pituitary is crucial as it regulates the function of many endocrine glands, including the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. Additionally, it regulates homeostasis and promotes the release of many essential hormones.

Another major part that Progesterone plays in the body is the development of special proteins which is done by “causing the endometrium to secrete special proteins during the second half of the menstrual cycle”[2]. Progesterone “stimulates the further development of blood vessels in the endometrium”[6] in which it helps to prepare the for a fertilized egg to be embedded in the uterus. Together estrogen and progesterone help stop further ovulation during the cycle of

Follicle Stimulation Hormone is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. A gonadotropin cell is produced in the anterior pituitary gland that then regulates sexual development and reproduction function. The hormone is synthesized and also regulates pubertal maturation. The production and release of this hormone is regulated by levels of a number of circulating hormones in the ovaries and testes. This system is called a hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The hypothalamus releases the hormone that binds with receptors in the anterior pituitary that stimulates and synthesis the release. The release is carried in the bloodstream where it binds with receptors in the testes and ovaries. This system controls the functions of the testes and ovaries.

Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone and is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and of secondary sex characteristics. Produced primarily by the ovaries, estrogen binds to and activates estrogen receptor beta (ER)- a nuclear receptor. Estrogen plays an important role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis by acting on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons located within the hypothalamus. In females, a cyclic reversal of estrogen feedback produces a positive feedback loop at both the hypothalamic and pituitary levels. This is coupled with an increase in pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, which produces the massive surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that triggers ovulation. However, LH is not only secreted during this surge- it is secreted in a pulsatile manner otherwise. This paper will focus on the implications on LH pulsatility by knocking out ER, as well as by removing the ovaries.

Thickening the mucus of the cervix, making it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus.

The most effective way of treating ovulation dysfunction is to find the cause of it, but medication to help restore the balance of hormones is also available. This includes clomiphene citrate, an oral medication, to help stimulate and increase the amount of FSH and LH released. It helps to induce ovulation and also regulate periods. Another medication is gonadotropins, an injectable medication, consisting of pure FSH and LH. It causes multiple fertilizable eggs, sometimes resulting in the woman becoming pregnant with more than one child and the success of this treatment depends on the woman's age. To find the cause of anovulation is the best way to treat it as medication is available to treat some of the causes.

GnRH is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

In the process of labor, the cervix must work to open and close. When this muscle works more, the probability of cell mutations is decreased. Other things such as oral contraception, better known as birth control pills, slow and control the menstrual process and therefore the speed of cell division. During the Menstrual cycle, the lining of tissue covering the uterus is shed. As the cycle progresses, the tissue must be build back up.

Hormonal changes leading to the release of an egg from the ovary and the thickening of the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized egg do not occur.

Ovulation issues in women are the most common factor in female infertility (Davis, 2013). Without ovulation there are no eggs produced, therefore, nothing can be fertilized. Ovulation problems such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), is a hormone imbalance problem which can disrupt normal ovulation (Davis, 2013). Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) may also occur once a woman’s ovaries stop working normally before the age of 40 (Davis, 2013). Other factors include reproductive hormone imbalances, endometriosis, hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone), blocked fallopian tubes, and anatomical abnormalities present since birth (White,

The hormones that the ovaries produce are estrogen and progesterone, which are mandatory for healthy reproduction. Also the hormone androgen plays a role in the regulation of normal ovarian function. Androgen is the male hormone but it is very important in a woman’s reproductive health. Androgen becomes a problem in the woman when too much is produced and stops ovulation. A woman is born with all the eggs she will ever have for the rest of her life. At the time of ovulation, the egg develops and is called a follicle. In those follicles, a small amount of fluid is starting to gather. If the egg goes into full maturity and ovulation happens, the follicle will become enlarged. Each month during the normal ovarian cycle some follicles will begin to develop but never make it to ovulation.

The endocrinology of reproduction is vital reproductive machineries that drive reproductive processes. This study was designed using rabbits as animal model to assess impact of Moringa oliefera on female fertility by determining the status of major reproductive hormones of hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis. Serum LH, FSH progesterone, oestradiol and prolactin are the basic essential reproductive endocrinal biochemical biomarkers for the investigation of fertility and the functionality of reproductive axis (hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal axis) (Harris and Naftolinf., 1970) in female animals. The concentration of FSH influences the number of follicles that are (Ca´rdenas and Pope 2013).