Gould And Lewontin Summary

1 I have been studying the traits and dispositions of the lower animals (so-called), and contrasting them with the traits and dispositions of man. I find the result humiliating to me. For it obliges me to renounce my allegiance to the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the Lower Animals, since it now seems plain to me that that theory ought to be vacated in favor of a new and truer one, this new and truer one to be named the Descent of Man from the Higher

In Science and Religion: Are They Compatible?, Alvin Plantinga argues that proponents of naturalism, like Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett, tell us that, according to the theory of evolution, neither God nor any other agent has designed or created the living world, and that evolution, therefore, clearly contradicts the central tenant of theistic religion (which Dennett labels “entirely gratuitous fantasy” ). If what these experts say is true and we must understand evolution only in the context of naturalistic, unguided evolution, “then evolutionary theory is deeply incompatible with theistic religion, whether Christian…or Jewish.” However, Plantinga stresses that evolution does not need to be interpreted in this way, and that, because of this, religion does not have to be held in such opposition to science at all. Christian and Jewish doctrines require only that “God intended to create creatures of a certain kind…planned that there be creatures of that kind…and acted in such a way as to accomplish this intention,” and such a claim is clearly consistent with evolutionary theory in that naturalism is not a necessary requirement of the theory itself. In this paper I will explore the positions of the Jewish faith with respect to the question of evolutionary theory, and, more explicitly, will draw comparisons between Judaism and Christianity to investigate whether popular religion is as staunchly opposed to evolutionary theory as Dawkins and Dennett propose. If the work of

Marilynne Robinson is a Pulitzer-winning novelist who has graced us with her essays found in The Death of Adam. Robinson gives the read the feeling of being much more educated than he or she really is. These essays provide readers with different ways of discussing history, religion and society. They, although difficult to comprehend at times, are flawlessly argued and, throughout, are grounded in universal human experience. When reading them, it is hard not to be persuaded, especially if reading them with an open mind.

Thanks to all these technical developments developed during the Gothic period, the master builders were able to build more slender, tall and light structures. But in any case, the vaults exert a series of transversal thrusts that cannot contain excessively high pillars, so that it was necessary to find a constructive solution that would unload these pushes towards the outside. This solution is the system of flying buttress and abutment, equivalent to the old abutments attached to the wall, which should have reached gigantic proportions to withstand the new lateral efforts. The new architecture evolved rapidly in the Île-de-France. The origin is located in the Abbey of Saint Denis (1140-1144), pantheon of the kings of France located near Paris. The bishops of the most prosperous cities, competing for the skill of their artisans and architects, set out on the career of the construction of cathedrals, rivaling in splendor and prestige. The best examples are concentrated in this area of France around Paris, and among them stand out, with their starting dates: Laón (1160), Paris (1163), Chartres (1194), Bourges (1195), Reims (1211) , Amiens (1220) and Beauvais (1225).

Although Darwin’s (1809-1882) work in evolutionary observation might appear radically different from those focused on other areas, the theories he developed from these observation lead to such groundbreaking publishing’s as The Origin of Species. These intern caused an upset within the then accepted norms of philosophy and religion, had a profound impact on the academia, and further

In “ The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A critique of the Adapationist Programme” by Gould and Lewontin the article discusses about natural selection not being the overall general reason for the evolution of species. Gould and Lewontin provide a pluralistic approach of how species are evolved rather than basing on natural selection. Therefore, these scientists used the central dome of St Mark’s Cathedral in Venice to represent the other possible explanations of the evolution in species. Most importantly, Gould and Lewontin used spandrels and other findings as an analogy to parallelize the evolution of organisms as an unintentional byproduct of the species.

The Washington National Cathedral is a beautiful depiction of Gothic architecture. Because the flying buttresses are associated with Gothic architecture, they can be found in the Washington National Cathedral. There are two important parts to a flying buttress. The first is a very large vertical stone block on the outer side of the building and the second feature, is an arch that can bridge the gap between the wall and the buttress, which demonstrates the name, "flying" buttress. In the east end of the Washington National Cathedral, there are 6 flying buttresses, but the architect did not place any kind of fortification between the stones, themselves, so when the earthquake in 2011 came, the flying buttresses were damaged and cracked,

The history of Architecture started long time ago. The nomadic were groups of people whom move from one place to another in order find shelter and food to survive. As they progress, their techniques to survive evolve. The need for a permanent shelter became vital for a better stability of the group. This is the time when the first structures that provided protection appeared. Post and lintel were the first forms of Architecture, that satisficed the basic needs. Architecture evolved to be more sophisticated and fulfill the people’s needs. Consequently, Architecture evolved throughout different periods such as: Ancient architecture, Romanesque, The medieval, Renaissance, Early modern, and the industrial age, Modernism and Contemporary

The 12th century Gothic builders were the first to discover how to construct great buildings were their stability depended upon knowing how to transmit the thrust through specific parts of the structure, the buttresses that formed its skeletal and the ribs not upon the thickness of their walls. The result was a dynamically stable architecture capable of building

This paper will be answering the question on whether these two theories, Darwin and Lorenzo ideologies have an anthropomorphic component to them and if they do what's the proof and is it problematic in an objective study. *** The layout of this paper will begin claiming my position towards main question, then later providing examples of the two theories and concluding of whether is problematic or not.

Using Kurt Lewin to “described the mental representations we form of the important elements in our lives and how we organize those cognitive elements within our “life space”” (413). Teddy’s behavior was “determined by complex interactions among a person’s internal psychological structure, the forces of the external environment, and the structural relationships between the person and the environment” (Friedman & Schustack 221). For example, when he arrives home to find his wife s all wet and no children’s around, later their dead bodies in the lake. Which lead him to kill her because at the moment the behavior occurred to him was focused internally on grief of his children being dead and wife who did not care what she did. This led him to create

Many scientists believe variations are caused by environmental factors, such as food availability, weather and more; and that species evolve when environmental conditions change to increase the species survival. Darwin censures this idea; he believed that the main cause of variation is due to reproduction (Chapter I). Darwin suggested that parents pass down specific characteristics to their offspring, and those variations are continued on in the following generations. The problem with Darwin’s theory of reproduction is that Darwin did not comprehend how or why some characteristics are perennial and how others are not. Darwin’s inferences on variations also conflict with the idea that God created species independently, which was widely understood by many people in a time where religion was prominent (Chapter II).

The results of my survey based on the Kurt Lewin’s theory questions ten different adolescents. I provided seven different questions that will help me determine whether my hypostasis about Lewin’s theory. My hypothesis is that social groups will change though out time because people grow up and move on to different things. There were five female and five male adolescents that participated in my survey that aged from 18-19 years old. The first question asked if there are any first from their childhood still present in their life. Ten out of ten of the adolescent answered yes. This proofs that people will continue to have a good friendship with their childhood friend in their teen years. The second question, asks if the adolescents social circles have changed in the past five years.

The article, “A Matter of Scale,” urges the audience to observe the small and extraordinary components of the biosphere and acknowledge its genetic variations as explained by Darwin’s theory of evolution. However, Kelly’s essay, “Evolution: An Article of Faith,” considers Darwin’s theory as a “false religion” suppressing God’s ability to create the “work of intelligence.” (Evolution) The heated debate over the credibility of Darwin’s theory of evolution has led to the division of scientific and religious groups. Devoted, religious people discover two major flaws with Darwin’s theory of evolution regarding the inaccuracies of the fossil record and the contradicting phrase “survival of the fittest” that has passed on harmful mutations to next

We’re looking at the difference between Romanesque cathedrals and Gothic cathedrals. I know you all are so excited to learn what a flying buttress is because I know I was. Spoiler alert, it is nothing like what it sounds like. It’s much more cool and innovative, which is what these two periods were all about. Taking knowledge from the past and improving it.