Gram-Bad Bacteria

Antibiotics either stop the bacterial cell from reproducing or kill the cell. They can disrupt the bacteria by deterring

I inoculated a T-Soy agar with bacteria number 118, for this I used a streak isolation method. Next, in order to distinguish between Gram positive and Gram negative I used a streak isolation technique on a CNA plate, then performed the same exact procedure on a MacConkey plate. The results from the CNA plate showed the Gram Positive bacteria was an Alpha hemolyzer. Next, I used a P Disc on a T-Soy agar inoculated with bacteria 118 and determined the Gram Positive bacteria was not sensitive to P Disc antibiotics. This revealed the Gram Positive bacteria to be Streptococcus Mitis. The results from the MacConkey plate proved the Gram Negative bacteria to be a lactose fermenter. With the Gram Negative bacteria I performed a lysine test with positive results. Next, I performed an ornithine test on the Gram Negative bacteria, with negative results, therefore I concluded the Gram Negative bacteria was Klebsiella pneumoniae.

In the world of microbiology it is vitally important to be able to discern the identities of microorganisms. Not only is it important in a lab setting but as well as in healthcare in general. Properly identify what strain of bacteria a person has will aid in the proper medicine and dose given. Throughout the semester we have learned about different types of bacteria and certain test that can clearly identify them. The purpose of this lab report is to identify a Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterium. Using all the knowledge of procedures and lab techniques identify the unknown and discuss all the tests you performed.

•     Lose weight. Excess weight increases pressure on the stomach and helps push acid in to the esophagus.

When we eat, food travels down the esophagus and passes through a flap (the lower esophageal sphincter) to drop into the stomach. This flap is only supposed to open to allow food to pass down or gas to pass up (a burp). It can also open when we need to regurgitate (throw up). If the opens to much or does not close properly, stomach acid may splash up,

Name one endogenous source of contamination and discuss the modes of transmission from the source to the new host.

GERD is another name for heartburn. There is a backflow of gastric and duodenal content that past the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) into the esophagus. As reflux of gastric acid causes acute epigastric pain after eating a meal. The pain can radiate to the person arm and then chest. The LES usually retains sufficient pressure around the lesser end of the esophagus to close it and prevent reflex. As the sphincter relaxes with each swallow, the food empty into the stomach. High acidity in the stomach triggers irritation and pain as the content enters the esophagus causing reflux esophagitis. In GERD, the sphincter is open, due to incompetent LES pressure or increase pressure within the stomach exceeds LES pressure. The pressure in the stomach propels the content into the esophagus.

It also helps with the prevention of PCP in HIV-positive patients, but should be used cautiously due to the incidence of adverse reactions. This drug is also active against many strains of gram-positive pathogens including: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, Nocardia, Enterococcus. It also has activity against many gram-negative pathogens, such as: Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella, Xanthomonas maltophilia, and Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant

Gravity, swallowing, and saliva are important protective mechanisms for the esophagus, but they are effective only when individuals are in the upright position. At night during sleep, gravity has no effect, swallowing stops, and the secretion of saliva is reduced. Therefore, reflux that occurs at night is more likely to result in acid remaining in the esophagus longer and causing greater damage to the

Escherichia coli K12 is a well-studied gram-negative bacteria. First isolated from the human gut, is one of the most used in molecular studies, being the knowledge obtained from studies of E. coli possible to apply to other organisms (Burton and Kaguni, 1997). Some enzymes have a crucial role in the transcription control, the topoisomerases enzymes play an important role in the level of DNA supercoiling, an important property of DNA and chromatin (Gilbert and Allan, 2014). The supercoiling level is modified by a reaction that consists in the transient breakage of the DNA phosphodiester bonds and the movement of strands across the transient breaks (Tse-Dinh and Wang, 1986). In prokaryotes, these enzymes can be classified into two major groups, according to the mechanism of action. While the topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) generates negative supercoils into relaxed DNA and relax positively supercoiled DNA, the topoisomerase I relax negatively supercoiled DNA. It is important to equilibrate the superhelical state of the cellular DNA (Hirose and Matsumoto, 2000).

Commonly known as heartburn or reflux, is a condition where reflux of the gastric content into the oesophagus leads to symptoms which significantly impact a person's quality of life. Gastroesophageal reflux disease gerd is the most prevalent acid related disorder and is associated with significant impairment of health-related quality of life. Gastroesophageal reflux disease gerd occurs when acid and food in the stomach back up into the esophagus.Gerd often occurs when the lower muscle (sphincter) of the esophagus does not close properly. The sphincter normally opens to let food into the stomach. It then closes to keep food and stomach acid in the stomach. If the sphincter does not close properly, stomach acid and food back up (reflux) into the esophagus. The following may increase your risk for gerd. Gerd may be associated with several extra esophageal syndromes such as chronic cough, asthma, laryngitis, oropharyngeal ulceration and dental erosions. Available evidence indicates that therapy response rates in gerd are related to the degree of acid suppression achieved. Having an appropriate discussion with a physician is key to understanding the condition, available treatment options and the degree to which acid suppression can be achieved.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, or GERD, occurs when there is a backflow of stomach contents, also known as chyme, from the stomach to the esophagus causing irritation and damage to the esophageal lining. When things are consumed by mouth, contractile motions in the esophagus move substances down the esophageal tract and into the stomach.  The lower esophageal sphincter is an area of smooth muscle at the end of the esophagus that works with the diaphragm to let the food, liquid or medication into the stomach. The stomach produces acid and is constructed to withstand this acid, but the esophagus is not.  Normally,  the lower esophageal sphincter keeps stomach contents, including food,

Fluoroquinolones(FQs) antibiotics were first introduced in the US market in the 1980s.1 Since their introduction, FQs have been used extensively to treat a wide range of infections. 2 Initially, these agents were used to treat infections caused by gram negative bacteria. However, newer agents in this class have gained further coverage of gram positive bacteria, atypical pathogens and even anaerobes. 3 FQs have a distinctive mechanism of action as they are the only class of antimicrobial agents in clinical use that are direct inhibitors of bacterial DNA synthesis. 3

This is because the choice of antibiotic also depends on the site and extent of infection as well as local resistance patterns. These resistance patterns would need to be targeted specifically in order for the biofilm to be eradicated, many studies have portrayed that ‘combination therapy’ is the most efficient way of targeting biofilm related structures. For example, with CF patients a combination of drugs ivacaftor and lumacaftor. These are systematic protein modulators and work together to target the CFTR gene by opening pathways to specific protein channels, this allows salts and fluids to move in so the biofilm forming mucus can be removed from the

All bacterial cells have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, However, they can be differentiated into two broad groups, Gram positive and Gram negative. Gram-positive cells have a thick peptidoglycan layer whereas gram-negative cells have a thin peptidoglycan layer. The cell wall of Gram positive bacterial cells also have large amounts teichoic acids, while Gram negative cells do not have any teichoic acids. Graham negative cells have an outer membrane composed of lipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Lipopolysaccharide, Also known as endotoxin, is what makes gram-negative bacterial infections so dangerous because it causes symptoms such as shock and a fever. The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is more permeable than