Gram Positive Bacteria Report

Provide some examples of sources of infection for novel diseases, including the mode of transmission for WNV. Why is this concern?

In this assignment I am going to explain how infections are caused by, bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. I will then explain how pathogenic microorganisms grow and spread.

Although some agar plates were hard to see if the streptomycin had a definitive zone of inhibition. Ampicillin, erythro-mycin, penicillin, sulphafurazole was ineffective with no inhibition zone.

Entering human body is not easy. The bacteria and other harmful materials can enter human body either via food or cuts and injuries on the skin. However, there foreign agents are not always welcomed in the human body. There are immune cells that fight harmful agents. The immunity system in the human body identifies harmful microbes like bacteria, viruses, and others and provides defense to the body against these substances. There are antigens present in viruses, fungi, or bacteria and these antigens are normally proteins or toxins, chemicals, drugs, etc. that show the presence of foreign harmful agent. The immunity system of man identifies these antigens and fights the microbes producing them.

Gram-Negative infections are a major cause of mortality in the hospital, intensive care unit and healthcare system. For years the Carbapenems have been a major last line player in eliminating infections. Carbapenem resistance is now increasing. Two drugs Avycaz and Zerbaxa are available to fight against those microbes with Carbapenem resistance. The newly approved combination drug Avycaz is composed of Ceftazidime and Avibactam. Ceftazidime is a 3rd generation cephalosporin. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin binding protein. Avibactam is a non- Beta lactam Beta Lactamase Inhibitor. It is essential in increasing the

There are 6 elements that make up the chain of infection and they are as follows; infectious agent, reservoir of source, Portal of exit from reservoir of source, means of transmission, portal of entry to host, and susceptible host. When the link in this chain is broken then the spreading of Pathogenic microorganisms

Amoxicillin is penicillin based anti-infective agent most closely related to ampicillin. It is not a scheduled drug but it is only available by prescription. Common brand names of amoxicillin include Amoxil, Moxatag, and Trimox. Amoxicillin is a bactericidal drug used to treat gram positive bacterial infections. Amoxicillin is one of the most commonly prescribed and most effective drugs in both doctor’s and dentist’s offices, but this paper will focus on its pharmacokinetics as well as its uses, effects, and advantages in the dental field.

Subsequently, all microorganism have the ability to cause infection; virulence (ability to grow or multiply), and invasiveness (ability to enter tissue) and pathogenicity (cause disease) defines infectious disease (VDH). The reservoir is the place where the microorganism lives and thrives examples of these places are as follows; water, food, toilet seats, elevator buttons, human feces, respiratory secretions (VDH). Next, the portal of exit where the organism leaves the reservoir through a mode of transmission, and the organism is transported from one carrier to an additional either through direct transmission or indirect from the host (VDH). Succeeding, a portal of entry where the contagious disease enters the host body by way of mucus membranes, open wounds, or tubes inserted in body cavities for example, a feeding tube (VDH). Finally, the susceptible host is the person at risk for developing the infection for the disease. Additionally, there are several factors for a host to be susceptible to contract the virus including, young and old people, individuals with underlying chronic diseases for example; asthma, diabetes, weakened immune systems, medications, invasive devices and malnutrition

β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structures. Most β-lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis.

Penicillin, the first antibiotic developed for the therapy of bacterial infectious diseases have also found new applications as anti-cancer prodrugs and enzyme inhibitors.(37) Several studies have reported on the anticancer properties of the β-lactams. N-methylthio β-lactams, a new class of drugs was found to induce apoptotic behavior in a number of cancer cell lines, including human breast, prostate, leukemia, and

Beta-lactam antibiotics include Penicillins and Cephalosporins that contain a chemical structure called a beta lactam ring. This structure is capable of binding to the enzymes that crosslink peptidoglycans. Beta-lactams interfere with cross linking by binding to enzymes preventing bacterial cell wall synthesis.

An antibiotic is a medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms, including bacteria (Microbiology Society, 2018). Antibiotics work by many different mechanisms, but most commonly inhibit enzymes that are critical for cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis, transcription, DNA replication, or synthesis of metabolites. They also can interfere with the integrity and permeability of the bacterial cell membrane.

One of the drugs we will be investigating is Chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol is a member of the Amphenicol family/class of antibiotics. It is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Members of the family work by targeting protein synthesis. Due to its ability to work against gram-negative and

Augmentin is an antibacterial combination which consist of amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanate potassium (the potassium salt of clavulanic acid). The presence of clavulanic acid in augmentin inhibits degradation of amoxicillin by beta-lactamase enzymes and expands the antibacterial continuum to protect from various bacteria that are normally resistant to amoxicillin.

β lactam antibiotics have continued to be the most popular drug for treating bacterial infections since its discovery in 1928 by Fleming and its introduction as an antibacterial agent in the early 1950.1 Most commonly used β lactam drugs today stems from the original discovery and development of natural products from microorganisms like penicillin, cephalosporin and other β lactam based antibiotics (Figure 1). 1,2 However, soon after its commercialization and widespread usage, β lactamase secreting penicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated.3 The introduction of methicillin (a β lactamase-insensitive semi-synthetic penicillin), to curb the resistance problem resulted in the evolution of another resistant strain known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).4