Granuloma

Bronchitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, the airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the lungs. The thin mucus lining of these airways can become irritated and swollen; the cells that make up the lining may leak fluids in response to the inflammation. Bronchitis most often occurs during the cold and flu season usually coupled with an upper respiratory infection. Bronchitis can be divided into two categories: acute or chronic each of which has distinct etiologies, pathologies, and therapies. I chose this condition because it seemed like an interesting topic to research on, and I am also interested in learning more

revolves around mechanism by which neutrophils react in the body. According to Margaroli, C., and R. Tirouvanziam, neutrophils might not be the tight and ridged leukocytes they were previous thought to be, rather they have a lot of elasticity when it comes to how they unfold in the tissues in the body (Margaroli and Tirouvanziam 1). This neutrophil elasticity creates a perfect setting for diseased microenvironments to grow in the body which is often associated with lung disease and C.F. (Margaroli and Tirouvanziam 1). In C.F. patient’s neutrophils are often over worked and there is neutrophil activity in the body’s extracellular fluid which shows the relationship between the relationship of C.F. patients and this discovery of neutrophil activity (Margaroli and Tirouvanziam 1). This innovation can lead to more knowledge about the activity and formation on neutrophils and show scientists more about the underlying cause and potentially a cure/solution for C.F.

Sarcoidosis is a disease caused by inflammation happens in the lymph nodes, lungs liver, eyes, skin, and other tissues. The disease can affect almost every organ inside or out. Although the most common form of it is in pulmonary sarcoidosis, found in lungs, about 90 percent of cases of in the lungs. When a person gets this disease tiny clumps, granulomas form in the affect organs in the body. Granulomas are cluster of immune cells. When are too many granulomas form in an organ it affects how the organ works. Doctors think people with sarcoidosis have genes that make it easier for them to get the disease. Things that might trigger it are infections, bacteria, viruses, dust, or chemicals. Scientists also believe that sarcoidosis is immune

When the respiratory tissue damaged, the body’s inflammatory responses cause the lining of the airways to become swollen and thickened as a result of constant irritation that leads to an excessive mucus secretion in effort to protect the lungs from inhaled irritants such as cigarette smoking, air pollution, passive smoking, occupational dusts and chemicals (Currie 2009).

In this article Dr. Foaud explains the inflammatory response that occurs in the airways of asthma patients and how the different types of cells and respiratory epithelial interact in the process. Respiratory epithelium, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and leukocytes all play an critical part in not only the inflammatory response but also in the way that they may be utilized to inhibit the response to help treat asthma. The article also explains how chemokines recruit inflammatory cells to the airways. The inflammatory response seen in asthma

Briefly, Mice lung tissue will be isolated and cut into small pieces with razor blade and process in digestion buffer (1 mg/ml collagenase D, 0.1 mg/ml DNase; Roche, Indianapolis, IN) for 30 min. at 37℃. The samples will be passed through 100 μm and 40 μm strainer serially. After counting cells, alveolar macrophage specific and activation antibodies will be conjugated. CD11c+CD64+ cells will be gated and the activation markers (CD11b, CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC ll) will be analyzed. Alveolar macrophage gene expression will be evaluated after isolating the cells by BD FACS Aria (BD Bioscience, San Jose,

Another change that occurs is the fibrosis of the subepithelium or basement membrane as a result of the inflammation process. With inflammation comes the release of cytokines that have control over production of extracellular matrix proteins like fibrinogen, by activating fibroblasts. These same cytokines also prevent the degradation of collagen structures, creating a net-like structure (Tulic 77). It aggregates other molecules and thus the basement membrane thickens which is seen early in asthmatic children (Tulic 78). It is not

Don was seen today for his six-month interval scan to reassess his 5mm pulmonary nodules. Reassuringly, on the scan the nodules are stable, but the scan has shown the unexpected finding of some right upper lobe consolidation. Don has certainly bee symptomatic with this and three weeks ago had two days of a very high fever. Once the fever broke he has had a dry cough ever since then. Of note, this has never been productive. He does recall some viral symptoms preceding his high fevers and has had exposure to his grandkids. He is still quite troubled by the cough and of note, has not had any return of his sinus symptoms with post-nasal drip or any symptoms of GORD.

Have you ever wondered what the less common cancer that hits our skin is? This type of cancer is called Malignant Melanoma. According to the “American Cancer Society” “Malignant Melanoma are from moles that don’t make enough melanin and do make melanin from the skin (2015). From the “American Cancer Society “says that “UV Rays from the sunlight is another type that does cause Malignant Melanoma”(2015). “American Cancer Society” say that the Melanocytes are protected by the dermis, the deepest layer of the skin (2015). From the “American Cancer Society” “Estimates that over 76,830 about 46,870 men and 29,510 women will get diagnose and about 10,130 about 6,750 men and 29,510 women will die from melanoma (2015). Cancer Society statistics states that the most common to find the cancer in is white than African Americans and the average age is 63 and the common in the younger to find this type of cancer is 30 (American

Usually inflammation is mild and consists of a patchy interstitial infiltrate of lymphocytes ,plasma cells and hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelium. Dense collagen mainly comprise the fibrotic zones, while scattered convex subepithelial foci of proliferating fibroblasts and myofibroblasts (so-called fibroblast foci) are consistently seen. Honeycomb areas are composed of cystic fibrotic airspaces that are frequently lined by bronchiolar epithelium and filled with mucus and inflammatory cells. Areas of fibrosis and honeycombing also contain smooth muscle metaplasia of the interstitium.The lesions also exhibit temporal nonuniformity,(i.e areas of active injury, inflammation, and fibroblastic proliferation coexist with dense fibrosis) in addition to geographic heterogeneity.The UIP pattern is described in IPF,CTD, asbestosis, and diverse occupational, drug or environmental exposures.(68)(66)Study by Jin etal showed that CVDUIP patients had more germinal centers and total inflammation with plasma cells ,fewer fibroblastic foci and smaller HC spaces histologically compared with Idiopathic

This causes further damage to the lung. This hyperinflation of the lung is known as emphysema. In emphysema, the alveoli are permanently enlarged leading to a dramatic decline in the alveolar surface area available for gas exchange (Workman, 2013). The permanent enlargement of the alveoli is caused by the overabundance of proteases. When proteases are present in higher-than-normal levels, alveoli is damaged as the proteases break down the elastin located within the lung. When elastin is broken down, lung elasticity is decreased and air is permanently trapped within the air spaces (Workman, 2013). These overall changes from both bronchitis and emphysema lead to hypoxemia, decreased oxygenation, and respiratory

Pustules with surrounding edema and erythema are produced as a result of increased permeability of local blood vessels and the subsequent infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. Cell-mediated immune response is a prerequisite for lesion

of the larynx, trachea, and large bronchi due to infiltration of white blood cells. Swelling produces

Answer -Pneumoconiosis is a fibro nodular lung disease. The inhaled asbestos, silica and coal dust are collected in alveoli and lungs. Silica particles outlast the alveolar macrophages that ingest them, thereby continuing cycle of injury. The walls of air sacs are inflamed. Lung stiffens from scar on the tissue. Overtime the coal settles on lungs and harden them. It

The plasma cell is the end-differentiated maturation of the B lymphocyte and the producer of immunoglobulins. Multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), another B-cell neoplasm, both commonly develop hypogammaglobulinemia. This antibody deficiency leads to infections by encapsulated organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, as in this case, rather than viruses and fungi. The respiratory system is the major site of infection. While the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine is given to these patients, there is no evidence that it prolongs survival. Intravenous immunoglobulin infusion has been helpful in septic patients, but antibiotics are the mainstay of