Graphic Images And Biological Markers

Xekardaki, A., Santos, M., Hof, P., Kövari, E., Bouras, C., & Giannakopoulos, P. (2012). Neuropathological substrates and structural changes in late-life depression: The impact of vascular burden. Acta Neuropathologica, 124(4), 453-64. doi:http://dx.doi.org.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/10.1007/s00401-012-1021-5

Major depressive disorder, we all have probably heard of it, but do we really know what is it is ? Major depressive disorder is “a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest… major depressive disorder or clinical depression, affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems”(Mayo Clinic Staff). Having this disorder puts you in a very unstable position because you are constantly feeling depressed so it affects the way you think and feel and that can be very dangerous. Sometimes this happens to a person for one day, but put yourself in the shoes of someone who experiencing this for more than two weeks? When you have major depressive disorder, the signs of depression disorder can last for two weeks or more(myers646). This dis order must be treated immediately because “depression may make you feel as if life isn 't worth living”(Mayo Clinic Staff). Feeling this way can lead you to doing things that you can not take back such as committing suicide and sadly that can happen when you have major depressive disorder. Kiyohara and Yoshimasu conducted a research that showed that 90% of suicides have were dealing with major depressive disorder(qtd. in The World Health Organization). Throughout this paper I will be discussing the causes, symptoms and treatment when dealing with major depressive disorder.

The main types of depression are major depression, persistent depressive disorder, psychotic depression and other types of depression. Major Depression is the most common type of depression where people lose interest in activities as well as changes in their appetite, sleeping and energy. They also have suicidal thoughts and feel insignificant. Persistent Depressive disorder is when

Major depression is a commonly diagnosed psychological disorder affecting individuals’ ability to feel happiness and peace of mind. Those who suffer experience negative emotions, lack of motivation, changes in behaviour and dysfunctional cognitive symptoms. Depression is classified by the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as five of more of the listed symptoms present persistently over the same two weeks. One of these symptoms must be depressed mood or loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities. Depression causes disruption to typical daily life such as inability to maintain friendships and jobs. Other symptoms outlined by the DSM-5 include; insomnia, fatigue and recurrent thoughts of death. There is much debate over what exactly causes depression. Biological explanations question hereditary and neurotransmitter factors. While psychological theories include the cognitive ideas of Beck’s negative triad and hopelessness theory. This essay will focus on the ways in which psychological and biological explanations contrast and how their theories can overlap to better understand depression.

There are two main types of depression one being major depression that has the capability to mentally cripple the individual. Then we have mild depression or dysthymia that can be caused by situations also referred to as situational depression. Major depression is a very serious form of depression which handicaps the individual and makes them incapable of doing what we would consider everyday activities.

The general public increasingly attributes mental disorders to biological causes such as a chemical imbalance or inherited genes (Schnittker, 2008; Schomerus et al., 2012).

Among the general population, depression is common and can possibly affect all ages. Metal disorder like depression affects the person living condition, affects the hippocampus, and it have different ways that can be treated. Depression permits the feelings of severe despondency and dejection. Depression is a silent killer; that can be undetectable. A person can have depression due to different factors, could genetic or even life problems.

Depression is a normal emotional reaction to perceived loss and hopelessness (Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002). There are a number of different types of depression such as chronic depression, manic depression and the primary focus of this essay Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). MDD is a clinical depression, which is more chronic and more severe compared to other types of depression. It significantly disrupts the individual’s ability to meet the normal demands of life. According to many clinicians, clinical depression should be considered as a medical illness in need of medical intervention. Other mental health professionals believe this is an overstatement of the role of physiology and the

John from California State University says, “People often misinterpret depression as a phase that is not serious and will fade over time” (Rodriguez). There are five different types of depression that prove this myth to be untrue. The major and most common type of depression is Major depression. This can occur anytime during a person’s life with warning. This feeling is similar to a person just being irritable or sad. The other less common four types of depression are Persistent Depressive Disorder, Psychotic Depression, Postpartum Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder. These varying depression types can be categorized by similar symptoms that affect learning abilities and daily activities in

(3) While successful drug therapies which act on neurotransmitters in the brain imply that depression is a neurobiological condition (4), the fact that such medications do not help about 20 percent of depression-sufferers seems to show that not all depression is due to such imbalances. Rather, depression is not caused by one single factor; it is most often caused by many different things. Genetics, biochemical factors, medicines and alcohol, developmental and other external factors, and relationships, marriage and children all have effect on the development of clinical depression. (5) The strongest hypotheses on the pathways to depression are in decreases in the activity of specific neurotransmitters, or the overactivity of certain hormonal systems. (3)

One of the largest trends in neuroscience in the United States today is the usage of a pharmaceutical treatment option for those suffering from depression. While there are a host of other potential treatment options ranging from psychotherapy to electric convulsion therapy (for the most severely depressed patients), anti-depressant medication is far and away the most popular treatment. In fact, in 2011 more than 1 in 10 Americans over the age of 12 was using a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) in order to combat their depression (Krystal, 2011). The medical and psychological community has had a raging debate regarding the efficacy of SSRI’s since they became widely prescribed in the late 1990’s. This paper will summarize

According to Dixon, (1987), there are four types of depression: normal, chronic, crisis, and clinical. the four types are distinguished by degree, intensity, duration, cause, hopefulness, response to treatment and level of functioning (Dixon, 1997). Normal depression is defined as mild periods of depression, linked to certain events that affect a student's mood periodically (Ramsey, 1994). Chronic depression involves frequent "bouts" of depression, often without an identifiable cause (Ramsey, 1994). Depression in a crisis state usually reflects a lack of problem-solving skills, and can be accompanied by feelings of "sadness,

Depression is a detrimental and prevalent mental illness having strong effects on brain neurological structure and function. However the etiology and neuropathology of depression is not well understood. Even though antidepressant drugs do exist, not all patients are effectively treated and therapeutic onset is delayed, while the exact mechanisms of the drugs are yet to be completely understood. A range of theories do exist in regards to depression such as modulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission, changes in neurotrophic factors and the up regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. However these theories don’t effectively explain the pathology and treatment of depression unto itself. Recently, neural plasticity theories of depression

Depression has numerous causes and effects which affect not only the person but the people around them. Depression doesn’t have a specific cause; in most cases it’s different for everyone. It is a common, treatable mental illness that can be experienced at any time in life. It is often described with feeling sad, unhappy, miserable, or “down in the dumps”. Most people have these feelings on occasion. There are several types of depression. These different types of depression describe slight, but often important, diagnostic differences. True clinical depression interferes with mood disorder in everyday life for weeks, months, or even years. Most people think depression affects only one

Today I will be talking about depression and the matters of it. What is depression you may ask? Depression is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. It makes you less motivated to do anything, and people may become an introvert if they aren’t already one. About 20 percent of all teens experience depression before they reach adulthood. Between 10 to 15 percent suffer from symptoms at any one time. There are different types of depression such as Major Depression, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Psychotic Depression, Postpartum Depression, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), and Situational Depression but the most common type of depression is Dysthymia.