Greatest Scientific Discoveries

The beginning of the Internet is well known. It was a United States Defense research program named ARPANET. The internal structure of ARPA that reared the network development during its first years is not as well known. Inventing the Internet explains how the little agency was created in 1958 to respond to the Soviets' successful launch of the world's first artificial satellite. ARPA did not own a laboratory.

It is important to know the history of the internet. The internet is a worldwide network of computer systems that are connected to each other by cables (Howe, 2012). The internet first started out as a military experiment. In 1957, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created by the United States department of Defense (Computer History Museum, 2004). The project was started after the Russians launched a satellite into space for communication reasons. The satellite was called SPUTNIK (Computer History Museum, 2004). It was rumored that President Eisenhower got worried and decided to get the United States to launch its own satellite. They recruited Dr. Joseph C. Licklider of MIT, was made head of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO)(Computer History Museum, 2004). Their purpose of the project was to focus on improving the military use of computer information.

In the 1990’s, an invention was created that is now used in everyday life, The World Wide Web also known as the WWW. In the year of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web.It was invented in the United States and was later released to the public in 1991. The World Wide Web has become very important and people could not imagine a life without it. Overall, the World Wide Web has become very important to the world (Tim Berners-Lee).

The development of penicillin provided a major stepping stone for the practice of medicine, and has saved the lives of countless individuals since its synthesis.

The disclosure by Alexander Fleming of penicillin opened up a totally new time of chemotherapy. Antibiotics are the chemotherapeutic specialists that kill or inhabit the development of microorganisms. These substance operators are utilized to treat malady by wrecking pathogenic microorganisms or restraining their development at focus sufficiently low to enough to avoid undesirable harm to the host (Dafale et al., 2016).

In 1928, after the careless mistake of forgetting to clean his dishes, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. The scientific community still celebrates his discovery since it was a major breakthrough in science, especially in the antibiotics and fermentation field. Although his discovery changed various scientific fields and it opened the doors for research in areas not studied or considered relevant before, the actual usefulness of penicillin was truly reached until the large scale production of penicillin was achieved. Before its manufacturing penicillin was considered for researching purposes, but after its manufacturing during World War II, it truly became helpful for humanity because it could finally start performing within its antibiotic spectrum.

In the mid 1900’s, illnesses swept through the city of London and consumed the lives of many unknowing citizens. Any sickness or open wound was susceptible to a fatal infection, which led the body to be taken over by millions of harmful bacteria (Fogel). Thanks to Alexander Fleming’s encounter of penicillin, we no longer have to worry about this. Penicillin serves as a life-saving, bacteria killing drug that is responsible for the lives of millions. Plus, it played a major role in furthering the effectiveness of medicine. Alexander Fleming’s miraculous discovery of penicillin saved a countless amount of lives and was the basis for progressing medicine.

In 1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin when he left a plate of staphylococcus uncovered on a plate for two weeks. He was a chemist studying enzyme lysozyme, and rarely kept his laboratory clean. Instead of what one would assume would happen if one left a deadly disease unattended, penicillium notatum, similar to the mold on bready, had killed a large portion of the disease the bacteria. Fleming drew the conclusion that penicillin notatum could potentially treat bacterial infections by somehow killing off the bacteria, which led to testing and eventually mass-marketing of the product penicillin. (American Chemical Society, Alexander Fleming Discovery and

In 1928, Alexander Fleming returned from holiday to find that the petri dishes full of bacteria that he had left unattended had grown significantly, except for a region directly around a mold colony on one of the petri dishes. He inferred that this may have had something to do with a substance secreted by the mold. It turns out he was correct, and had inadvertently discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic. However, he did not fully realize its potential to be used to treat disease, and was mainly concerned with its ability to kill some bacteria, while leaving resistant strains alive, essentially helping to isolate single strains of bacteria, especially interesting to him, as a bacteriologist.

Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist defined new horizons for modern antibiotics with his discoveries of enzyme lysozyme in1921 and the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928. His discovery of penicillin from the fungus Penicillium Notatum perfected the treatment of bacterial infections such as syphilis, gangrene, and

Dr. Alexander Fleming re-discovered the bacteria penicillin in 1928 at a hospital in London. Although it was first discovered by french medical student, Ernest Duchesne in 1896, Fleming is credited for furthering the research. After coming home from a vacation, he discovered a bacteria killer in one of his petri dishes. “He observed that a plate culture of Staphylococcus had been contaminated by a blue-green mold and that colonies of bacteria adjacent to the mold were being dissolved”. Writes Mary Bellis in “The History of Penicillin”. Fleming had observed that an antibacterial had formed from his creation and was killing off some of the Staphylococcus. In an article written by Brittany Connors, it was stated “Fleming wasn’t known for keeping a neat, or orderly lab, so it would not have been unusual for open cultures to be scattered about his workspace.”

The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. This antibiotic was used during World War Two. However in 1945, Alexander Fleming warned the public that they would most likely overuse penicillin, resulting in an evolution of bacteria. In 1952, antibiotic resistance was discovered by an unnamed researcher. This researcher found that some strains of bacteria were becoming strong enough to be immune to some medicines.

The discovery of Penicillin transformed the medicine world extremely. With the development of penicillin infections that were life threatening and frequently fatal for example, pneumonia which now could be purely treated with Penicillin.

It became essential for the development of the modern world. By 1924 airmail was established and pilots were carrying mail to all parts of the country (Meyer). By the end of World War II air travel was established (Meyer). When the Wright Brothers first invented the airplane, it could only go a short distance and had several flaws. Engineers worked on the development of the gasoline motor for use in planes, the design of the propeller was also improved, and planes were equipped with wheels for taking off and landing (Meyer). By September 1905 they had extended the flight distance to several miles and had mastered many minor points in the control of the machine. The invention of the airplane increased interest in jet propulsion in England (Meyer). Consequently, Air Commodore Frank A. Whittle designed and developed the jet turbine

The key to creating a functional jet engine was the gas turbine, which could be used to extract energy from the engine itself to drive the compressor. Dr. Hans von Ohain of Germany and Sir Frank Whittle of England are both recognized in history as being the inventors of the jet engine. However, they worked thousands of miles apart from each other and actually knew nothing of the other's work. While Von Ohain is considered the designer of the first jet engine that actually flew, Whittle was the first to register a patent