Green Barrier to China's Export

Prior to 1994, trade and the environment were two entirely separate issues. There were no environmental regulations found in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) or in the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Upon the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) environmental concerns of North America as a whole were for the first time provided within a side agreement to the NAFTA. Finally there is a trade agreement that recognizes the concerns of North American citizens to maintain a healthy, sustainable environment, where the damaging effects of free trade could be minimized. The NAFTA entailed provisions for stricter environmental regulations

In terms of environment free trade is frowned upon because that leads to the least developed countries using up all the raw materials to export which results in harming the environment. Another aspect here is the pollution and in terms of this nations with strict pollution regulations will have consumers willing to import from nations with a more lenient pollution regulation or a nation where there isn’t a pollution regulation. (Regine, 2012) What is happening here is say a foreign industry produces goods in its own country with less

As a communist state becoming more international acknowledged as a state China had to make major changes as a government and it had to come externally. China “began to manifest an awareness of environmental problems in the early 1970’s” (Ross, 810). This was because China had gained a seat in the UN and was working with the U.S during this time. Right before the 1972 Stockholm conference China had created a domestic agency that worked with environmental issues so that they had a voice in the conference. This conference came to the existence of SEPA which had policies with emission permits that was modeled by economically advanced countries such as the U.S (Ross, 812). SEPA was a cost to the state and could restrain a growing economy which was not in China’s best interest. Right before the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development China and 41 other developing countries made a declaration. This declaration “acknowledged the need for international co-operation to promote environmental protection and sustainable development while demanding financial assistance” (Ross, 814). This was also mentioned by the top leaders of China that economic development would reject in any interference with domestic politics for environmental policy (Ross, 814). China eventually reached a deal with a 9 year plan which shows that China is not against environmental

For years now the debate about the costs, benefits and long-term repercussions of free trade and economic globalization has moved to the foreground of public policy concerns around the world. These key issues that influence the free trade and globalization argument is whether trade liberalization truly affects the quality of the environment. This is either in terms of direct effects on the environment, or indirectly, for example, the effects of trade such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) have on environmental standards, guidelines, and regulations. The major argument is that free trade promotes economic growth, creates employment opportunities, and trading countries can

After three decades of economic growth like a skyrocket (See Figure 1), China has become an economic giant in world but at a disastrous cost --- environmental challenges. The poor treatment of industrial spills and different other major kinds of wastes, specifically electronic waste, plastic wastes and food wastes.

One of the most highly controversial topics of our time has been about the environment, whose quality is not indicated in the measure of GDP. Some scholars say that there is nothing wrong with our current natural ecosystem and that we should not worry, other scholars say that we should be more concerned about our environment today than we ever were. Many studies were done to validate both these hypotheses which left people divided, but it is always better to be safe than sorry. Economists have found the correlation between economic growth and the deterioration of our environment: “In the quest for high rates of GDP, the human cost of producing goods and services is not set against the market value of those items.” (Mahadea and Rawat, 2008). In other words, there is a constant trade-off between sustaining economic growth and maintaining the natural ecosystem. As stated earlier, producers are unwilling to give up their opportunity to gain more profits for the sake of sustainability. We should understand the insignificance of overproducing and having a high GDP if in actuality the living conditions are not as good as the GDP depicts it.

However, the theoretical framework of the EKC has always been one that has evolved and been constantly revised, in terms of the variables, its methodological approaches and underlying assumptions the model incorporates. For example, whilst attempting to understand the impact of trade and liberalization policies, Lopez (1994) constructed a theoretical framework which depicts how under certain assumptions, the inverted U shaped curve holds true for pollution and incomes. Munasinghe (1999) argues, theoretically and empirically, to validate the existence of the EKC relationship under different economic contexts. By focusing on the marginal costs and benefits of reduction of degradation in the form of pollution, Munasinghe argues that the marginal benefits offered to countries at earlier stages of development are too small to justify environmental action and efficiency. He also discusses the tunneling effect where the turning point of the EKC for a country in the early stages of development can be shifted to a lower plane by imbibing lessons learnt from the cases of developed countries that are on the declining side of the EKC, having made the transition successfully.

Most the countries around the world engage in trade, this paper is going to go in to just six of the countries that are in the same region and trade with each other; Estonia, Republic of Latvia, Poland, Hellenic Republic and Republic of Austria. We will be giving you a small look into the back ground of each, and overview of trade flows between our countries and initiatives from environmental sustainability.

Trade liberalization and economic globalization trends are becoming more prevalent. As environmental protection is moving towards institutionalization and legalization, and penetrates into the rules and policies of international trade among countries, conflicts between their interactions increase

Environmental issues have become more apparent in today’s society leading to an increased awareness; however, further consideration is needed for global solutions. Air pollution is one the largest environmental issues targeting the Earth’s entire population. Energy efficiency plays an important role for promoting renewable energy so without it, resources for non-renewable energy are declining. All over the world fossil fuels, like coal and oil, are harvested to fuel factory production in order to meet consumer needs and releasing dangerous greenhouse gases. Corporations often outsource to developing countries for cheaper labor and a higher profit margin where environmental laws are less strict compared to other countries. Since the laws are so lax, factories can continuously emit a surge of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere depleting the air quality and ozone. Deforestation has also allowed the entry of more greenhouse gases into the Earth’s atmosphere furthering the threat of global warming and climate change. Not to mention, it has destroyed many of the Earth’s tropical rainforests leaving millions of different species without homes increasing the extinction of already endangered animals. Global pollution is a serious problem and some potential solutions are converting to energy efficient fuel, focus on renewable energy sources, and reduce deforestation.

Green manufacturing is a key player in providing cleaner energy resources, reducing greenhouse gases and other harmful emissions, degrading the impact of these gases, conserving natural resources and minimizing wastes. Not only will it be beneficial to grow the renewable energy and clean technologies industries for environmental purposes, but it will also be beneficial to the global economy, as “It is estimated that green energy can save [Europe] 3 trillion Euros by 2050”. “Green jobs are growing faster than overall job growth in the United States”, thus showing that being environmentally sustainable is a necessity and is becoming a major component of a manufacturers business plan to stay industrially competitive. Green

The environmental forces (including climate change and pollution) and the manufacture uncontrollably influence each other (Jobber and Fahy, 2009). Nowadays, companies “Going green” means protecting themselves. McDonald's opened a "green" restaurant in Chicago. They eliminated some electric lighting, made tables from recycled plastic… etc and customers actually supported these changes (Daily Finance, 2009).

We matched awareness of national and international l regulations/policies as well as GSCM implementation between these three types of manufacturer. Our outcomes can extend the benchmark theory to improve the learning mechanism for proactive business environmental strategies among different kinds of manufacturer in industrialized and unindustrialized countries.

Green growth can be seen as a way to pursue economic growth and development, while avoiding environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources. Making business sustainable is not just a moral choice. It’s a practical one. Being eco-friendly and socially thoughtful is an overhaul of what is known about business: it requires business owners to reconsider everything from suppliers to which products to stock on the shelves. Companies in every industry are re-evaluating their operations in order to become more ecologically conscious while remaining competitive. The results suggest that green foreign direct investment in HMIL will increase over the future period 2020, and that, as a result today’s vision will be tomorrow’s reality for Hyundai Motor India Ltd. and it is upto the government to encourage its growth.

cooperation with the International Center for Environmental Technology Transfer (ICETT), based in Yokkaichi City, Prefecture of Mie, Japan, and select DOST Regional Offices are firing up local initiatives to boost productivity yet still preserve local environment. ICETT, with the support and cooperation of its own national and local governments, industry, and academe, utilizes Japan's collected industrial technologies and administrative measures on environmental