Green Silver Nanoparticles From 10 Plants Essay

The development of biofilms on medical devices has become an increasingly prevalent problem as biofilms are making the bacteria stronger and more resistant to treatment which then increases the potential for patient infection (Dolan 2001). As a result, by studying biofilm strength, it is possible to better understand what factors allow this biofilm formation and how it can be reduced to limit the risks of patient infection.

This pathogen secretes an Mottola et al. demonstrated that staphylococcus aureus and other microorganisms growing on the biofilms are not as resistant when isolated (2016). When staphylococcus strains were grown separately and treated with distinct antimicrobial agents, their minimum inhibitory concentrations were lower than on biofilms. Pathogens growing on biofilms are able to resist 10 – 10,000 times the concentrations of antimicrobial drugs that would kill an isolated strain; those concentrations can also be lethal for human beings. Mottola et al.’s experiment also showed that the minimum biofilms inhibitory and eradication concentrations values of antibiotics acting against isolated MRSA were higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations values. some antibiotics such as for isolated pathogens were about the same for most of the antimicrobial agents studied. Although some antimicrobial agents such as Clindamycin were able to inhibit biofilms, but could not eradicate them (2016). Thus, there might still be some risks of

Scheme – 9: Shimizu et al. studied benzylation of arenes catalyzed by Ag(I) oxide, Ag(I) ion, bulk silver metal, and silica supported silver nanoparticles. Ag powder, silver oxide, Ag(I) ion and silica alone are not active towards benzylation of anisole. However, the catalytic activity of SiO2 supported silver catalysts was increased with the silver loading up to 5 wt% and decreased with further increase in the loading. Catalyst with 5 wt% Ag loading on SiO2 showed benzylated product yield about 82%. The catalyst is recoverable and reusable.25

Antimicrobials can be categorized by terminology such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anti parasitic (Leekha, Terrell, & Edson, 2011). All of these antimicrobial agents are developed to kill or inhibit the growth of a specific pathogen,

Emergence of multiple drug resistant pathogens is a major concern for clinician’s worldwide. Limitations in discovery of new antibiotics and development of drug resistant microbes necessitates the search for new antimicrobial agents which can control the spread of drug resistant pathogens. Generally third generation antibiotics control most of the pathogenic microorganisms at low doses but fail to control the multiplication of multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains at those doses and require higher doses, which leads to generation of more MDR strains and is detrimental for the environment also.Green synthesis of nanoparticles coupled with third generation antibiotics can act as an ideal agent for the control of drug resistant pathogens. Present study exploits the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) extract. Lemon grass extract was used to reduce silver nitrate in to nanoparticles with in 18h. SEM and FTIR Characterized nanoparticles were further applied for the control of MDR strain of E. coli growth in combination with gentamicin. It was found that gentamicin alone could not control the multiplication of MDR strain at 12.5, 6.25 and 3.12 µg/ml and lower concentrations as compared to gentamicin coupled with silver nanoparticles at a concentration of 3.125 µg/ml.

Nowadays, much attention has been devoted to the use of Ag in treatment of cancer. As well as gold, silver is known as a good electrode material with high electrical conductivity and has the ability to self-assemble. Furthermore, for Ag nanoparticles on a conducting surface, we can expect some biocompatibility different from Au nanoparticles and the excitation of surface enhanced Raman scattering.

Silver has the chemical symbol Ag and an atomic number of 47. It is not very chemically active, and does not react with oxygen in the air under normal conditions. It reacts slowly with sulfur in the air resulting in the product silver sulfide, a black compound, the tarnish that develops on silverware and silver plated objects. It doesn’t burn except for silver powder and it doesn’t react readily with water, acids or many other

Few hypotheses have emerged to explain the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in biofilms. For example, slow and incomplete penetration of biofilm, presence of resistant phenotype of some bacteria, formation of persister cells and altered environment within biofilms antagonize antibiotic action (Dufour et al., 2010; Stewart & William Costerton, 2001)

In recent years Nano sized materials play the significant role in science and technology due to their unique shape, size, peculiar properties and potential applications. Metal nanoparticles, which possess considerable electronic, chemical and optical [1, 2] properties, are different from those of the bulk materials. Among the several metal nano particles gold (Au) nanoparticles have attracted rigorous consideration for their numerous applications in catalytic , sensing, imaging, diagnostics [3-6], tunable surface Plasmon resonance, surface enhanced Raman scattering, electrical, magnetic, thermal conductivity chemical and bio stability and anti-bacterial activity [7-13]. Besides, Gold nano particles have widely been used as the platform

Biofilm formation poses a universal complication to all implantable prostheses or devices in the human body. Medical costs rise substantially with biofilm formation and may lead to further life-threatening conditions. Researchers are looking into the anti-bacterial efficacy of different surface-coatings such as metals, polymers, nanoparticle texturing, and composites of each. The method through which bacteria adhere and/or aggregate is different across each surface-coating. While each have shown significance in the reduction of biofilm production in vitro, researchers have yet to perform effective in vivo experiments to confirm durability, adhesion specificity, cytotoxicity, and overall efficacy. It has been supposed that multifaceted “smart” surface-coatings are optimal for inhibiting biofilm production. However, there are still many complications inherent in both the smart-coating’s structure and chemistry that renders it unfeasible as a long-term solution.

Our tests have proved these compounds as viable antimicrobial agents; we are further investigating their physiochemical properties for a deeper understanding of their mechanisms. This work has been presented at the Annual Biomedical Conference for Minority Students (ABCRMS) in Phoenix, AZ this Fall semester. If I were to stay on the team for a long time I would love to investigate synergistic effects of the natural antibiotics on the biofilms of MDR E. coli as well as expand the tests on gram-positive bacteria. Next year, I will be concluding this project and hope to publish our findings during the Spring semester.

In this study, the green chemistry approach was used for quick synthesis (within 30 seconds) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by using the fruit extract of Limonia acidissima L. The study focused on the formation of Limonia acidissima L stabilized AuNPs without using any catalytic agent. The AuNPs was confirmed by observation of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 537 nm. On the surface of these capped AuNPs, epirubicin (EPI) was conjugated along with activated folic acid (FA) for targeted drug delivery. The EPI-FA-AuNPs complex was characterized using FT-IR and UV-visible spectrophotometer and the AuNPs were characterized by HR-TEM, particle size analyzer and zeta potential measurement. In-vitro stability revealed that the AuNPs were

Murugan et al. (2011) described the current status of variable biofunctionalized nanoparticles and their antibacterial applications which were required from the objective of generation of advanced and recent functional

3 UV-Vis absorption spectra of silver nano-particles prepared in PVA with various amounts of reducing agent. FIG. 4 TEM images and size distributions of silver nanoparticles in PVA; a) for sample with 2 ml, b) 5 ml, and c) 15 ml reducing agent. FIG. 8 Nonlinear refractive index as a function of particle size of silver/PVA nanocomposites. [N. Faraji, W. Mahmood Mat Yunus, A. Kharazmi, E. Saion, M. Shahmiri, N. Tamchek, J. Europ. Opt. Soc. Rap. Public. 7, 12040 (2012))]

The Silver decorated Zinc oxide Nanoparticles were prepared in-house by hydrothermal synthesis that yielded nanospheres. The nanomaterial was characterized using XRD and UV Visible spectroscopy. A significant and faster degradation of amoxicillin has been observed with Degussa P25when compared with in-house synthesized titania and Ag-ZnOphotocatalysts.