Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves Exercise 19 Answers

Two brain structures that could likely be affected by this damage are the frontal lobes and the temporal lobes. The frontal lobe produces speech, controls motor skills, and initiates leading functions such as thinking, personality, emotion and memory. (Huffman, K., Dowdell, K. 2015. Pg. 71). The temporal makes it possible for an individual to hear properly, comprehend language, recollect thoughts, and maintain emotional stability; this lobe also contains the auditory complex, which is responsible for the interpretation

The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.

Changes in the brain will be that some parts are not getting the blood supply which then leads to dead tissue causing a form of disability depending on the area of the brain affected.

What size fibers make up the preganglionic neurons? The postganglionic neurons? Why is the white ramus white, and the gray ramus gray? What does this mean for speed of conduction?

4. A tract in the spinal cord would most likely be found in the white matter.

4. Through what cranial structure does the carotid artery pass as it enters the brain? The carotid canal.

After the BBC experiment many websites and doctors started examining the breakthrough study. The aforementioned website also states that “The results were startling. Individuals paced neurotically in their cells, and some reported visions of oysters, zebras and tiny cars. Psychological tests administered before and after the ordeal demonstrated significant declines in subjects’ intellectual faculties on the one hand, and increases in suggestibility on the other. (University, 2011)”

After the BBC experiment many websites and doctors started examining the breakthrough study. The university article also states that “The results were startling. Individuals paced neurotically in their cells, and some reported visions of oysters, zebras and tiny cars. Psychological tests administered before and after the ordeal demonstrated significant declines in subjects’ intellectual faculties on the one hand, and increases in suggestibility on the other. (University, 2011)”

b.) What is the role of cortical brain regions (i.e., cerebellum, the anterior cingulate cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the right frontal operculum)

The four quadrants that divide the abdomen are the right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant and left lower quadrant.

In addition, the limbic system is responsible for our perception of other emotions, both positive and negative, which explains the mood altering properties of many drugs. The cerebral cortex is divided into areas that control specific functions. Different areas process information from our senses, enabling us to see, feel, hear, and taste. The front part of the cortex, the frontal cortex or forebrain, is the thinking center of the brain, it powers our ability to think, plan, solve problems, and make decisions.

This case study involved question of whether certain experiences produce physical changes in the brain. It all started back in 1785 when Vincenzo Malacarne, an Italian anatomist studied pairs of dogs from the same litter and pairs of birds from the same batches of eggs. He would train one participant extensively over a long period time while the other would be equally cared for but not trained. He discovered in autopsies of the animals that the brains of the one that he trained appeared more complex and with a greater number of folds and fissures on the brain. This research for unknown reasons was discontinued.

The Vagus Nerve is the 10th of 12 pairs of Cranial nerves and is the main contributor of the parasympathetic nervous system (Stakenborg et al 2013), “the parasympathetic system predominates the body during resting conditions” (McCorry 2007). When the Vagus nerve is stimulated it triggers a response that affects certain functions of the body “influencing digestion, metabolism and the relaxation response” (Dr Sircus 2014).

The fluid in the brain (cerebrospinal fluid or CSF) is formed in the brain. CSF usually circulates through parts of the brain, its covering, and the spinal canal, and is then absorbed into the circulatory system.

     One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is “capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information, and analyzing the information.”