Growing Number of Electric Power Grids

According to the case study written by Jurek, Bras, Guldberg, D’Arcy, Oh, and Biller, energy costs were steadily rising and were predicted to continue this trend going into the future. At the same time, utility companies were beginning to implement Smart Grid technologies to increase the efficiency of energy distribution. One resulting program to emerge from

The grid, which includes transmission and distribution lines, is a critical aspect of the energy industry that has become antiquated in recent years. The first problem is caused by an increasing demand, 2.5% annually over the last 20 years, leaving the grid overused [gungor]. The second problem is the age of the infrastructure the average age of the power-grid transmission lines are 50–60 years [gungor]. Because the increase in demand and age of the infrastructure coupled with the nonlinear nature of the electric power distribution network have caused serious network congestion issues, which has caused several major blackouts [gungor]. In addition to network congestion, the existing power grid also is out-of-date in the following areas: communications, monitoring, fault diagnostics and automation which further increase the possibility of region-wide system blackout [gungor]. All the aforementioned problems of the “traditional” grid have been increasingly more difficult to meet in the 21st centuries demands, including power-grid integration, system stability and energy storage and an overall decrease in reliability [erol,gungor].

Indiscriminant application of individual distributed generators can cause as many problems as it may solve. better way to realize emerging potential of distributed generation is to take system approach which views generation, associated loads as subsystem or “microgrid”. This approach allows for local control of distributed generation thereby reducing or eliminating need for central dispatch. During disturbances, generation, corresponding loads can separate from distribution system to isolate

With the potential rise of grid-scale energy storage there is an issue regarding regulation and policy as is being experienced by companies who are currently implementing this technology. The integration of any new technology faces many barriers and so is it with the deployment of grid-scale energy storage like any other technology. The issue regarding regulatory and policy is that a framework is not in place for the integration of energy storage on the grid.

The significant increase in penetration of renewable energygeneration is expected to affect the operational aspects of powersystems and more specifically isolated micro grids that mainly relyon renewable energy sources. Indeed, the issue of UC schedulesand real-time dispatch of a micro grid with controllable DGs is morecomplicated in the presence of high wind and solar generation pen-etration. To address these operational challenges, it is necessaryto manage the variability and uncertainty associated with theseenergy sources. It has become clearer than ever that a flexiblemicro grid is vital. In this paper, a comprehensive stochastic mathe-matical model has been developed to enable operation interactionof DERs under uncertainty in islanded micro grids. Hence prob-abilistic coordination of DERs on micro grid operations has beenexamined with respect to their independent presence and withconsideration of the hourly interruption cost for residential, com-mercial, and industrial customers in order to determine the optimalprobabilistic interruptible load, if required. The simulation resultsshow that

King Abdullah City for Atomic & Renewable Energy (K.A.CARE) is the Saudi center that is responsible to accomplish the above objectives within 2020. K.A.CARE plans to build an energy mix program that can achieve the 4% of the renewable energy of total national energy use target, and develop the technical knowledge and expertise in renewable energy technology [2]. Currently, K.A.CARE has studies and projects of potential development and use of microgrids. Unfortunately, Saudi Electrical and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ECRA), that is responsible to establish energy standards, still does not have standards for distributed resources (DR) or microgrids [3]. Therefore, there is a need to establish a standard of microgrids soon to let K.A.CARE and other research and technical institutes are able to successfully achieve their deliverables. In fact, there are several standards around the world, such as IEEE 1547 standard, that ECRA can adopt or use it to build their own standard.

The AMI section studies alternative communication network technologies and simulation of the proposed design techniques that can be used for networking the components of the modern metering infrastructure that supports DSM. The Standalone solar PV system studies feasibility of the approach. The economic feasibility studies concentrate more on cost-benefit trade-offs of domestic PV integration in terms of DSM and peak demand saving (PDS). The technical feasibility study investigates power quality disturbances and how these can be detected and mitigated. In addition, the thesis presents case studies on real-life implementation issues of AMI and solar PV systems. These case studies also resolve into power management for implementation of the proposed DSM solutions.

The rising consumption rate of fossil fuels and the pollution problem associated with them has attracted a wide scale attention towards renewable energy sources. An integrated system of two or more renewable energy sources is more effective as compared to single source system in terms of cost, efficiency and reliability. Wisely selected renewable power sources help in reducing the need for fossil fuel.

Technological and manufacturing progress along with climate change concerns are transforming the electric power system with the integration of an increasing number of renewable sources that are difficult to plan and control due to its volatility and lack of active dispatchable control. This is challenging the reliability, efficiency and security of the grid. However, they offer a potentially synergistic development as these Distributed Energy Resources (DERS) can provide the requisite for demand response and reserves for economically sustainable massive renewable energy integration. In spite of that, today’s centralized power markets do not allow for the procurement of reserve services and the accommodation of demand response. In this

Significant changes in the structure of a low voltage distribution system can be achieved by developing "microgrids" [2] coupled with appropriate energy storage and energy management technologies. This will ensure the microgrid to achieve the capability to operate off-grid or grid connection or interact with other microgrids. These features ensure a better power quality, reduce stress of transmission lines, increase power efficiency, minimize the risk of blackout, and other related problems.

Abstract: The primary motivation behind this paper is to examine the essential comprehension of power quality in connection to the distributed generation. Because of extensive cover between two innovations, aggravations influencing the power quality, which are principally caused by the expansion of Distributed Generation (DG) on the existing power system network. Infusion of the DG into an electric power grid can influence the voltage quality. Distributed generation of various voltage levels when associated with the power system network could impact the voltage regulation, sustained interruptions, harmonics, sags, swells, and so on. All the data given here are gathered from various references by remembering the understudies at the starting level of the concerned topic.

Abstract—To meet the Electric Power demands of a fast expanding economy, smart grid (SG) are expected to have reliable, efficient, secured and cost-effective power management system. Additionally, energy demands from the users change dynamically in different time-periods (such as on-peak , and off-peak) , which required dynamically availability

A microgrid is introduced to resolve the issues with the economics and the resilience of power delivery systems. Microgrid loads get supplied by both the utility grid and on-site generation when connected to the utility grid. A microgrid is seen as an aggregated controllable load from the utility grid.

Many cities are trying to adopt smart grids to efficiently manage distribution of energy. Currently the main source of energy is coal and fossil fuels. Technological advances have not yet reached the stage where renewable sources of energy can sustain life globally. It has been estimated that by 2050, the world 's fossil fuel might get completely depleted. Hence it is important to conserve energy and use it efficiently. Smart sensors can be installed in offices and homes to make sure lights are switched off when no motion is detected in a room. Similarly, smart grids can analyze power consumption in areas to detect anomalies in power usage.

expensive but also impractical, maybe impossible in the longer run. This is because the total amount of power demand by the users can have an extremely extensive probability distribution, which requires spare generating plants in standby mode to respond to the rapidly changing power usage. The last 10% of generating capacity may be required in as little as 1% of the time. The attempts to meet the demand could fail, resulting in brownouts (i.e. a drop in voltage), blackouts (i.e. electrical power outage), and even cascading failures. In Smart