Guanabenz Research Paper

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, accounting for 65–70% of all cases (Jellinger, Janetzky, Attems, & Kienzl, 2008). The other dementias are of the Parkinson 's group, the fronto-temporal group and the vascular group. The total worldwide yearly costs for the treatment and care of patients suffering from dementia are estimated to be around 250 billion US dollars. The lifetime risk for AD between the ages of 65 and 100 is 33% for men and 45% for women with an annual increase of 1–2% in the seventh decade to almost 60% in the 10th decade with doubling every 5 years (Jellinger et al., 2008). AD is incurable, and thus represents a major public health problem. AD represents a challenge to humanity due to its relatively recent discovery, progressive nature of the illness, and complex diagnosis.

The disease called Alzheimer’s is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States (Weiner, 1987). It is estimated that the elderly population will double between now and 2030. During this period, the number of elderly will grow by an average of 2.8% annually (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). By 2050, the number of people with Alzheimer’s is estimated to range from 11.3 million to 16 million (Alzheimer’s Association, 2005). These startling numbers should prompt an examination into one of the leading causes of death among this group of people. Understanding what Alzheimer’s is and the known causes of the disease are a good starting point. For those who have aging family members, knowing the risk factors and warning

Globally, the World Health Organisation reports there are approximately 47.5 million people who have been diagnosed with a form of dementia and there are 7.7 million new cases each year. The number of people effected internationally is estimated to triple by 2050 to

Dementia can be defined as a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life (alz.org). More than often, individuals affected by dementia are over the age of 65. In the United States, there are more than three million cases of dementia each year. According to World Health Organization, the number of people living with dementia is currently estimated at 47.5 million worldwide and is expected to increase to 75.6 million by 2030 (World Health Organization 2015). Dementia is caused by physical modifications in the brain and is known for loss of memory and mental abilities. It’s a progressive disease which means it gets worse over time. If diagnosed early on, the quality of life for people with dementia as well as their family members can be significantly improved. There are many different types of dementias although some are far more reciprocal than others. One of the most common types of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. Other few types of dementias are “Vascular dementia, Mixed dementia, Parkinson 's disease and Frontotemporal dementia (Krishnan, D. S)”. All of the various forms of dementia tend to have similar symptoms which consequently makes it hard to determine the type of dementia a patient may be suffering from.

In the United States there are approximately 5.4 million people living with Alzheimer’s. Every sixty-nine seconds a person is diagnosed. This is an ongoing issue, and unless something is done, sixteen million people will be affected by 2050 (Latest).

Alzheimer’s disease is a prominent brain disease that effects a massive amount of individuals in the United States. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases, with no chance of being cured, prevented or decelerating over time (Alzheimer’s Association, 2014). AD is the most well-known form of dementia, causing complications in brain function in the areas of memory, thinking, and behavior (Alzheimer’s Association, 2014). In an effort to gain a deeper understanding of Alzheimer’s disease, researchers create new knowledge about the disease, which is then distributed to the public. The goal in this information disbursement is to find new and inventive ways to treat AD, prevent AD from progressing at such a rapid pace, and aid in the quality of life in those diagnosed with AD as well as caregivers and medical professionals providing treatment to individuals’ with AD.

By 2015, it is estimated that there will be a number of 850,000 dementia sufferers in the UK and about 225,000 people develop dementia every year in which it is roughly about one person in every three minutes. It is predicted that the number of people with dementia will exceed 2 million in 2050 if preventative measures are not taken. In brief, dementia can be described as a persistent and progressive loss of mental ability due to brain diseases or injuries in which the symptoms can be recognized by memory disorders, perception and personality changes and also impairments of body functions. Alzheimer is the most common type of dementia which contributes about 62% of the cause of dementia and had become a global prevalence disease. By 2015, it

One of the most prominent and perhaps most feared condition associated with aging is dementia. The family of disorders can cause individuals to lose their mind, reducing one from being a complex, thinking, feeling human being to being confused and vegetative, unable to recognize their loved ones. Serious dementia affects nearly 37 million people globally, but predictions of how those numbers will change over the next few decades are conflicting (textbook). Although we know dementia as to do with damage to nerve cells in the brain, there are ongoing studies looking at correlations between other health issues and these types of diseases.

The discovery from the Scripps Research Institute in Florida shows promising results in tackling down the cause of Parkinson’s, and their outcomes led to a funding by the National Institutional Disorders and Stroke Research (NINDS). Research staff within the campus discovers that many diseases that relate in twisting a protein from its original structure will result in a cellular death but it isn’t due to the deformed shape. According to the article “Scripps Florida Scientists' 'Mad Cow' Discovery” (2015), one primal cause that leads to Parkinson’s is the lack of “NAD+” which later prohibits the proper energy function of the mitochondria. Researchers further delved into the study to find out this is preventable, by providing the misshaped protein

Dementia is a neurobiological cognitive disorder that primarily affects adults aged 65 and older (McInnis-Dittrich, 2013). There are currently 44.7 million people aged 65 or older as of 2013 across the United States. THe older adult population is expected to increase to 98 million by 2060 (U.S. Department of Health and Aging, 2014). The rapidly increasing aging population is largely due in part to advances in healthcare and technology, which have contributed to prolonged life. Unfortunately, due to the fact that individuals are living longer the prevalence of age-related illnesses, like dementia, are on the rise. Dementia currently affects five to ten percent of the older individuals with the prevalence of dementia doubling every five years

The incidence of dementia increases as the general population ages and one source estimates approximately two billion individuals being affected by the year 2050 (Vasionyte & Madison, 2013). The nature of dementia results in cognitive decline that may lead to inappropriate behaviors, such as aggression, agitation, mood disorders, and eating problems, which can be a severe impairment when treating these patients

The neurodegenerative disease is the disease in which the neurons become degenerate and causing death of neurons. The Alzheimer’s disease is the first most common neurodegenerative disease. The Alzheimer’s disease is firstly described by Alois Alzheimer in (1907) because of this it named Alzheimer’s. The Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). Alzheimer’s disease is the first most common neurodegenerative disease and the (Yanker, 1996) studied the Alzheimer’s disease neuronal degeneration and the mechanism of this disease. The dopamine neurons degenerate when the neurotoxin induced in the Caenorhabditis elegans (Francis et al., 1999). The 95% Parkinson’

Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive disorders that mainly affect neuronal cells and functions, and commonly characterized by abnormal protein metabolism and aggregations i.e. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease, Prion diseases, Motor neurone disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Lou Gehrig’s disease, among others. Currently, there is no single cure out there to treat these debilitating diseases. However, present therapies available either slow down the disease progression or inhibit mutant protein’s aggregation. Recent studies are facilitating our understandings in both neurochemistry and the genetic pathogenesis of the disease nature, which may result in exciting new discoveries and also provide a platform for the development of new effective drugs to cure these devastating diseases. This essay will discuss the shared pathological characteristics for common therapeutic approaches to combat against these incapacitating diseases with particular focus on the two most common neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

A newer model for toxin-induced Parkinsonism is based on the herbizide rotenone. Rotenone is the most potent member of the rotenoids, a family of natural cytotoxic compounds extracted from various parts of Leguminosa plants. Like MPTP, rotenone is highly lipophilic and brain distribution is heterogeneous paralleling regional differences in oxidative metabolism (Talpade, Greene et al. 2000). In mitochondria, rotenone impairs oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-ubiquinone reductase activity through its binding to the PSST subunit of the multipolypeptide enzyme complex I of the electron transport chain (Schuler and Casida 2001). Aside from its action on mitochondrial respiration, rotenone also inhibits

MPTP neurotoxicity produces DNA fragmentation with induction of caspase-3 activity and targets relatively specifically those neurons that are involved in Parkinson's