Guillain-Barr Syndrome Essay

Periodic Paralysis Syndrome is a blanket term for a couple of inherited muscular disorders. The most common types are hypokalemic periodic paralysis and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Both of these are inherited and generally present from childhood, tho it is possible for symptoms to start showing later in adolescence. In hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, high levels of potassium in the blood interact with genetically caused abnormalities in sodium channels (pores that allow the passage of sodium molecules) in muscle cells, resulting in temporary muscle weakness and, when severe, in temporary paralysis. This disease may be caused by genetic defects in either the calcium channel or the sodium channel. Hypokalemic disease may be caused by genetic defects in either the calcium channel or the sodium channel (Medline Plus).

For each of the following diagnostic test results, note which specific segment of the spinal cord would have to be damaged to create those symptoms. (include right and left sides in your analysis). (2pts)

Most people do not expect to become paralyzed during the course of their lives. Barring injury to the nervous system or debilitating disease, one does not expect to lose motor function. In spite of these expectations, people of all races, sexes, ages, and classes can be afflicted with a debilitating syndrome that can lead to difficulty in walking or even to temporary paralysis in the most severe cases. This syndrome is known commonly as Guillain-Barre Syndrome, or GBS.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy is classify as an interneuron abnormality and loss of the anterior horn cells in the spinal column. SMA is categorized into three subtypes with the classification embedded on the motor milestone achieved. Spinal type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease) child is to weak that they never learn to sit, type II child learn to sit but never learn to walk without assistive device, and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease) child can walk independently (Tecklin, 2015).

Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome are two autoimmune disorders of the nervous system that occur when the myelin sheath surrounding the axons of a nerve degenerate. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the central nervous system while Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) involves the peripheral nervous system.1,2 MS is a gradually regressing disease that usually occurs in one of four ways. The first is relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and is the most common. Patients typically experience relapses where the symptoms are aggravated and enhanced followed by episodes of remissions during which the symptoms cease or calm down. 3 The second type is called secondary-progressive MS (SPMS). This type mimics RRMS but undergoes a steadier decline that may or may not include relapses3. The third type is primary-progressive MS (PPMS) where the disease progresses at a more regular rate from onset. PPMS, however, may speed up, slow down, or even plateau for a bit, but no remissions are present.3 Lastly, progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS), the least common type, presents similarly to PPMS in that the decline is steady, but this type of MS has exacerbations that the patient may or may not recover from.3 Unlike MS, Guillain-Barré does not present in types and characteristically attacks more rapidly.2 It is a poorly understood disease, however, research has shown that it is generally preceded by a bacterial or viral infection.4

MG may be difficult to diagnose and may not be determined for a couple of years. Reasons are as follows: the onset is gradual with the symptoms worsening over time, weakness and fatigue can also be signs and symptoms of other diseases, one or more of the voluntary muscle groups may experience weakness and with different degrees of severity, and also every patient may experiences the disease differently. After the medical history and physical examination, the physician may see a need for further muscle and neurological tests. Blood tests can detect abnormal antibodies. Nerve conduction studies and repetitive stimulation tests the nerve’s communication with the muscle. When stimulated a number of times the test will indicate muscle weakness. Single-fiber (EMG) electromyography is a test that measures the communication between the nerve and a muscle by inserting a small needle into a single muscle and recording the electrical muscle activity. CT scan or MRI may be ordered to check for

They may develop alone or in combination, but as the disease progresses, all are usually present. There is no true paralysis. The symptoms are always bilateral but usually involve one side early in the illness. Because the onset is insidious, the beginning of symptoms is difficult to document. Early in the disease, reflex status, sensory status, and mental status usually are normal. Postural abnormalities (flexed, forward leaning), difficulty walking, and weakness develop. Speech may be slurred. Autonomic-neuroendocrine symptoms include inappropriate diaphoresis, orthostatic hypotension, drooling, gastric retention, constipation, and urinary retention. Depression is also prevalent.

These factors included influenza-like illnesses and seasonal influenza vaccination. Once the data was adjusted, no correlation was found between the H1N1 pandemic and Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Dieleman). A study by Greene et al. compared the use of monovalent and trivalent inactivated vaccines as they related to incidences of Guillain-Barre Syndrome. They were able to find a statistically significant correlation between the monovalent vaccine and Guillain-Barre Syndrome using a self-controlled risk interval design. However, researchers did not monitor or adjust for underlying risk factors as many other studies neglected to, as well (Greene). For five of the nine cases of Guillain-Barre Syndrome in the monovalent group, an antecedent respiratory infection occurred. This is infection is a risk factor for Guillain-Barre Syndrome and may have severed as a catalyst for developing the condition (Greene). Other explanations were offered by the researchers that may have skewed the monovalent data including: the vaccine was administered during the peak of influenza-like illness activity, there could have been a preexisting infection that caused an interaction, or the preexisting infection could have created a potential timing bias. Trivalent vaccines were administered earlier than monovalent, and as such, no statistically

The patients who have Guillain-Barre syndrome may look fatigued and in pain. This patient would most likely complain of body aches, weakness in the lower limbs before the upper limbs, feel extremely tired, and may be unable to walk. GBS can be diagnosed to patients more than once. So, in their medical history this is what I would be looking for to narrow my options of a diagnosis. During the physical exam I would check the patient’s vitals to see if there is any difference in their blood pressure, heart rate, etc. Also I would examine

The professional context is essential competencies for clinical practices; strategies for professional advancement. Also, it includes any elements that are considered to be necessary to establish a professional performance. Linda is 40 years old woman who developed flu-like symptoms including back pain. A few days later she developed weakness in her legs, arms and face. Linda noticed intermittent tingling and numbness in her lips and face along with difficulty breathing. Linda went to an after hour clinic and develop respiratory distress and weakness while in the waiting room. Linda was sent to the hospital and was diagnosed with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a rare nervous system disorder that results in nerve damage caused by the immune system’s response to an infection or illness. During her hospital stay, the respiratory stress

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a disorder where your own immune system starts to attack part of the nervous system, mainly the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is a very important system in the body it is what contains all the nerves that are not directly connected to the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the peripheral nervous system is to connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body, such as the organs and limbs. Beginning signs that you may have Guillain-Barre Syndrome is that of noticing varying degrees of tingling and weakness in the legs, most people throw this sensation off for restless leg syndrome so they never go to get diagnosed for the disease. Guillain-Barre syndrome can affect

Myasthenia gravis may affect any voluntary muscles. They may affect muscles that control the eyelid movement, facial expression and swallowing. The most symptoms of myasthenia gravis that can be noticed are the weakness of the eye muscle that causes double vision. Some symptoms of myasthenia gravis may include unstable walk, arm weakness, weakness in hands, fingers, legs and neck, change in facial expression, having a hard time swallowing, shortness of breath, and having problems with

The main reason I choose the Guillain-Barre syndrome is because this a rare and deadly disorder. Even though it’s a rare disorder it affects people of all ages and race. In some cases, this syndrome has been linked to the Zika virus. Now let’s discuss a little about what is Guillain-Barre syndrome is? “Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a disorder in which the body's immune system attacks part of the peripheral nervous system” (Guillain-Barre Syndrome Fact Sheet). There have been more than 3,000 to 6,000 cases just in the United States along that’s been reported each year. The exact cause of this disorder is unknown.

Guillian-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease that causes an acute peripheral nervous system disorder that results in a flaccid paralysis of the skeletal muscles and loss of muscle reflexes (Des Jardin & Burton 2016). Regardless of whose articles, journals, or textbooks you read, all agree on the definition of GBS.

Regardless of which occur first, affected individuals will generally experience most of the symptoms as the disease progresses. Specifically, symptoms that include difficulty swallowing, moving, forming words, tight muscles, spasticity, and/or exaggerated reflexes occur when the upper motor neurons have been damaged. When lower motor neurons are damaged, symptoms such as muscle weakness, atrophy, cramping, and twitching will occur. In some cases, a few of the muscle neurons that