Historical arguments are seldom proved without controversy, while there are certain historical methods that, if not dissipating all questions, give enough credibility to a theory or argument for us to call it proven. In Guns Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond, the author linked history development with well-recognized evolution theory and other biological knowledge to back his argument. He also employed the strategies of traditional historians, which included dealing with primary documents from multiple sources, evaluating different explanations as well as appealing to common sense and deduction to support his view. The following example can be found in the first part of the book, which largely generalized the condition of pre-civilization …show more content…
In modern ages, we witnessed these docile animals and their fate of quick extinction due to human activity in islands of Oceania, so it is reasonable to assume that the same thing happened to others about 40,000 years ago when they first met human beings. Next, Diamond evaluated an opposing theory, which challenged the overkill hypothesis because there was no killing site or direct prove that the killing is done by human. Some critics raised a climate-change hypothesis instead to account for the extinction. Defenders indicated that the lack of killing site was a result of the fast speed and early time of the extinction. They also called question into the plausibility of the alternative theory. Sprawling the continent for tens of million years, these animals prospered, and successfully endured all serious droughts during that time period. It would be such a coincidence for them to be exterminated almost at the same time, in different habitats ranging from the middle desert areas to the humid south-eastern, just after the point of human’s arrival. Here the author is illustrating the theory he supports through logical
The concept of species going extinct was not always accepted as fact. It wasn’t until the discovery of the American mastodon that the concept of extinction was even considered. With the discovery of the bones, When the bones were discovered, many theories were constructed, such as that the bones were actually from multiple creatures, or that this was simply an undiscovered species and hadn’t been found. The discovery of other mysterious, lost species led to the concept of extinction, and the idea that the mammoth was indeed a species that, while it once was prevalent, no longer roamed the Earth. In chapter three, Kolbert writes about her visit to Iceland in which she learned about the loss of the great auk, a three foot tall bird reminiscent of a large penguin or puffin. She then proceeds to write the tragedy of the great auks, that being that they were regularly hunted and killed. The final moments of the great auk’s species can be tracked down, as they were captured and sold and their only egg was broken. The concept of human-caused extinctions wasn’t new, as Darwin wrote about how the Galápagos tortoises were dying out very rapidly due to overhunting. The extinction of species stems from events that drastically affect them, be them environmental changes to human
What is the importance of the gun? The gun is one of the most important tools in the defense of our nation. Guns are responsible for a lot of death and injuries, but these things were going on before the existence of the gun. Guns aren't the reason for the death and injuries, they are just a means to it. They are tools and an engineering marvel of our age. The gun has evolved from a simple weapon that caused limited destruction to the modern gun that is so fast and powerful it is capable of mass destruction. Through the evolution of the gun, it has become a political tool.
As the hostility grows between both parties, historians must consider the factual disposition of their writings. Empiricist J.B. Bury stated that history is a “science, nothing more, nothing less”. The accurate connotations that science brings highlights the academics arguments. Although not completely a science, history integrates different forms of science, such as geology, in order to reach the objective truth (Evans). It is the assertion of history as a science to which academics believe their history is presented. To which, academic’s believe their rival’s representation of history is inaccurate, and therefore invalid. Academic historians insistence to their own superiority may contend to their tension between
The question of what caused the extinction of megafauna during the Late Pleistocene period is one that archaeologists have struggled to answer for decades, but why should it matter? Discovering with certainty the cause of megafaunal extinction would
In his work, “Guns, Germs, and Steel” (W. W. Norton, New York, NY, 1997) Jared Diamond attempts to explain why human history has carried out the way it has, he often refers to accounts from history to support his argument. Accounts that will be deemed adequate will discuss specific groups of people, at a specified period of time. Diamond suggests that guns, germs, and steel are three contributing factors for why the world is in its current state. It is not difficult to recognize while reading, that the book spends a large amount of time talking about germs and much less text discussing guns and steel. In “Guns, Germs, and Steel” Diamond does adequately account for the historical development of guns and steel, in the way he accounts for the role of germs in the history of human societies. It is no debate that germs played a massive role in many important events in history, but guns came late, were not very effective at first, and steel production was most important militarily.
Researchers of the University of New Mexico found the time of the extinction coincided more with colonization by humans than climate change and that hunter-gatherers, such as the Clovis people, hunted the mammals for food (Lyons et al 339, 351-252; Wroe et al 320). Although it could be argued that they were Leavers by not exterminating their competition, they could have instead been hunter-gatherer Takers believing all large mammals were something to be conquered and owned as agricultural Takers view the soil of the world.
Dinosaurs ruled the earth for over 65 million years and thankfully for the human race, they became extinct. Ultimately, only a major catastrophe could completely wipe out an entire species, let alone an entity of dinosaurs and the debacle on the causes of dinosaur extinction have flooded the minds of paleontologists for centuries. Geologist and zoologist Stephen Jay Gould published “Sex, Drugs, Disasters, and the Extinction of Dinosaurs,” to compare scientific and speculative causes of dinosaur decimation. Personally, I found this passage very informational and enjoyed reading it. Gould provides three theories that capture the reader’s curiosity, allowing room for pondering in one’s mind.
Amid these conclusions, Faith and Surovell derived their question from the fact that one cannot develop explanations for this phenomenon without knowing whether the extinction was a long-term process or a single event. They hypothesized that the extinction during the North American late Pleistocene was a single event that occurred between 12,000 and 10,000 radiocarbon years B.P. (Faith and Surovell, 2009).
There is a rumor that only the invention of gunpowder deprived all the European people’s freedom I heard. Then, in excuse of that, the feudalities employed the armed forces much and suppressed the people by violence because they thought that it was dangerous to guard their castles by only the people. Besides, since gunpowder was invented, there were no impregnable fortresses actually. In a word, we could have no safety sanctuary in the earth against an injustice and violence any longer. Indeed, I am always worrying about that men will find out something a secret somehow someday at last, then, would kill the people, the whole nations with great ease, become extinct speedily.
The author stated that there's no evidence of any significant human contact with the mammals, based on which he eliminates the human factor for causing the extinctions of these mammals. First of all, no evidence doesn't always mean no crime. Humans might have had untraceable but intensive contact with these mammals. For example, humans or the domesticated animals landed on Kaliko could have brought a new disease, which these mammals' immune systems were not readily built to fight against and eventually caused their extinction. Therefore, the author prematurely eliminated the human factor.
Modern guns can be extremely powerful and accurate at many ranges, but when firearms were first invented that was not the case. Early firearms tended to be very inaccurate and not even shoot very far. Because of how they were loaded a lot of time in between shots was spent shoving black powder and a hunk of metal down the barrel. Another common weapon used in these times was the bow which unlike these early firearms could fire quickly, were very accurate, and could be fired from farther away. So why was the bow so quickly replaced with these “inferior” weapons?
Guns, you may be aware of the debate whether citizens should have the right to own weaponry. For those of you that are not, it has been an argument whether citizens owning weapons should be allowed or not. One side uses the argument that guns kill people. The other side uses the argument that it’s not the guns that kill people, but the people wielding the gun. Is it really as dangerous as some may want you to think? Many people mis-use weapons, but it should still be a right to own them. By taking away our weapons, you take away how the people protect themselves, you take away one of the rights that have been here since the constitution was made, and you increase the amount of crime.
The extinction of the dinosaurs has caused great controversy all over the world. There are many theories of how they were killed, such as; an asteroid impact, volcanic activity, climate change, and eggs that took too long to hatch. Their extinction allowed humans to rule the Earth in their place.
For tens of thousands of years, wild animals have been hunted and utilised by humans in Africa – be it for food or trade. Over the centuries, established methods for hunting and utilisation had arisen and evolved to become part of the very fabric of human existence in Africa. During the 1800s and well into the 20th century, European colonialists established and maintained substantial control over the African continent; as such, European influences affected multiple aspects of life for indigenous, black Africans as well as the wildlife with which they shared the land. The colonial rulers of the various African countries instigated their own concepts of wildlife utilisation across Africa – imposing it upon the indigenous populations. These concepts were often diametrically opposed to the culturally accepted methods and traditions of the various indigenous peoples for wildlife utilisation and exploitation. While these European concepts may have been beneficial to wildlife in some cases, the implementation of these concepts were solely for the benefit of the white ruling class. The subsequent resentment by indigenous communities over the forced acquisition of their land, restricted access to wildlife they had been allowed to hunt for generations before them, as well as continual oppression by this same colonial state, galvanised suspicion and hostility towards this colonial rulers as well as the specific conservation models imposed upon the indigenous communities by the state.
Exploitation of land and forest resources by humans along with hunting and trapping for food and sport has led to the extinction of many species in India in recent times. These species include mammals such as the Indian /Asiatic Cheetah, Javan Rhinoceros and Sumatran Rhinoceros