Gut Metabolic Syndrome

Gut microbiota composition has also been seen to play a role in glycemic levels, particularly in children with type 1 diabetes. When butyrate and propionate (short chain fatty acids) are produced by the gut microbiota, they have been shown to regulate gut hormone levels, such as

* It is thought that the microbes regulate the expression of the gut protein fasting-induced adipocyte protein (FIAF). This protein is an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL).

The aim of this study revealed an interested trend when comparing IL-6 results to the different metabolic diseases listed as top Ten Global Health Disparities. This study showed that CR will benefit situations where there is a socioeconomic disadvantage, even factor that include health disparities among race and age would show benefit because CR is suitable for all disadvantage groups. Caloric Restriction (CR) has proven to be non-expensive, beneficial agent against age related, racial, and socioeconomic disadvantage, associated with health disparities. The results for IL-6 in each case indicated that CR could improve endothelial function in rats with different metabolic diseases possibly through reduction in body weights resulting in reduction in fat mass and concomitant reduction in the production of the proinflammatory cytokines. IL-6 is expected to be reduced in Colorectal cancer (CRC) rats under

The sheer diversity of the microbiota means that bodily disorders associated with the gut region (encompassing the stomach and intestines) are difficult to diagnose, and even harder to find the source of the disorder. Intestinal Bowel Disease (IBD) is a large category of bodily disorders associated with the gut. IBD most commonly manifests itself in two forms – Crohn’s Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis [1]. Crohn’s disease is arguably a more severe form of the disease, as the diseased tissue tends to go deeper into the intestines. Ulcerative Colitis, while still very detrimental and pain causing, causes inflammation of tissue at more of the surface level. The diseases affects a significant portion of the population, with a high rate of new cases discovered - between 20,000 and 100,000 people are diagnosed with types of IBD annually in North America [1]. The role of the microbiota in inducing intestinal diseases has been suspected.

Unique microbiota could suggest a human’s current health or if there is any forthcoming chronic disease (Ley, 2006). Families with shared healthy microbes may be able to help relatives who suffer from gastrointestinal disease; but the extant to which the microbiome is shared across generations is not readily known and more research is needed. The core trends for current research revolve around control of obesity, treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn’s, and hormonal manipulation in cases of depression. It is imperative to learn to eat for optimal health, to evolve along with the commensals (Turner et al., 2013) as human diets influence diversity of microbes present (Ley et al., 2008). This is a relatively new field with exciting prospects of positive outcomes for some of society’s more chronic

The study intended to look at the gut microbiome that is naturally present within the gut. The research team of the Louisiana State University designed an experiment with lab rats to predict how the manipulation of the gut microbiome with a high fat diet would affect their brain

The hindgut is not only a fermentation vat, but it also stimulates immune responses, protects against pathogens, production and neutralization of toxins, and gene expression in host epithelial tissues (Milinovich et al., 2010). The cecal microbiome is extremely sensitive and can be affected by factors like gastrointestinal disease and dietary changes, which can lead to systemic consequences and even death (Costa et al., 2012). Therefore, healthy and balanced microbiota is vital for the overall wellbeing of the animal. By understanding external factors and how they affect the gut microbiota, this could help in diagnosing medical conditions and provide better treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal diseases resulting in

The effect of different diets on the gut microbiome has been studied greatly in mice and to a lesser extent in humans to assess the effect that dietary composition has on the gut micro-biome. It has been suggested that increased efficiency of energy harvest due to changes in the gut microbiota with an increase in Firmicutes and decrease Bacteroidetes bacteria, occurs in obesity in mice and humans.4 A study performed by Murphy et al looked at the effect of a high-fat (HF) diet and genetic obesity (ob/ob) for changes in gut microbiota and the amount of energy harvested from food over time.4 Ob/ob mice were fed a low-fat diet and wild-type mice were fed either a low-fat or HF-diet for 8 weeks. Results indicated an increase in Firmicutes bacteria in both mice fed a HF diet as well as ob/ob mice, but Firmicutes bacteria did not change over time in the lean control mice. A reduction in Bacteroidetes bacteria was also found in ob/ob mice.4

transferred gut microbiota from either obese or lean mice to germ free mice.7 This resulted in a 47% increase in total body fat in the germ free mice that received bacteria from obese mice, while the mice that received bacteria from lean mice only saw a 27% increase in body fat.7 Further examination of gut microbiota showed that the obese mice had higher levels of Firmicutes than Bacteroidetes bacteria, which suggests that possibly a difference in gut bacteria that ultimately led to an increase in fat, as it was the only variable between groups that changed. Additionally, the gut microbiota found in the colon of the obese mice was found to have the ability to better ferment indigestible carbohydrates.7 Because the obese mice lost fewer calories in their feces, this indicates that the gut bacteria in the obese mice led to an increased harvest of energy.7 Ley et al. conducted a study that showed that due to a mutation in the leptin gene, obese mice had a 50% reduction the Bacteroidetes bacteria with a similar increase in Firmicutes.8 These studies suggest that gut bacteria could be considered an environmental factor that work to control fat storage and provide evidence that certain gut bacteria is associated with

One study showed gut bacteria may help with the development of insulin resistance. It also supported a connection between diabetes and gut bacteria. Ongoing research is being done to find out if a person's gut bacteria is related to insulin resistance and diabetes and how it works.

Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions comprising of insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure, and obesity. All these conditions or risk factors are strong causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Hanson et al., 2002). Henceforth, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a type of metabolic syndrome complication. Individuals who have T2DM are hyperglycaemic and are prone to both cardiovascular and renal diseases (Turner et al., 1998). In the past, T2DM was seen to mainly affect the middle to older aged individuals as the development of the disease was progressively slow. However, it is becoming more apparent that children are also affected by this health issue (Kahn, 2003). Therefore, there has been great interest in understanding

In 2013, researchers in Jeffrey Gordon’s lab at Washington University tracked down pairs of twins of whom one was obese and one lean. He took gut microbes from each, and inserted them into the intestines of microbe-free mice. Mice that got microbes from an obese twin gained weight; the others remained lean, despite eating the exact same diet. "That was really striking," said Peter Turnbaugh, who used to work with Gordon and now heads his own lab at the University of California, San Francisco. "It suggested for the first time that these microbes might actually be contributing to the energy that we gain from our diet."

Apart from environmental factors, the microbiome composition also relies on the diet of the hosts. Studies have shown that host lineages that share a similar gut physiology and diet tend to have the same gut microbiome [1]. These studies were initially performed on apes to study their phylogeny. However, due to the complexity and the diversity of the mammalian gut microbes, the studies were more focused on insects like flies, beetles and ants [1].

Overweight and obesity are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat that damages the health of the individual. Nowadays, obesity is becoming widespread around the world, with complications such as diabetes and an increased risk of heart disease. Currently, it has been shown that in addition to genetic factors, the incidence of obesity is affected by environmental factors such as gut microbiota interactions, and diet through changes in gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and LPS levels.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex condition that comprises of at least three of five of the following medical conditions: abdominal or central obesity, elevated blood pressure (HBP), elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high serum triglycerides (TG) and low high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels[1]. Metabolic syndrome is also commonly known as Syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) and Reaven's syndrome (named after Gerald Reaven). MetS has been defined by many organizations such as the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III)[2], the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)[1], and the World Health Organization (WHO)[3]. However, the common denominators are insulin resistance and abdominal