H. M. Molaison's Short-Term Memory

Memory is defined as “the mental capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information” (American Psychological Association, 2002). It is a part of the means by which humans function. The process of forming and recalling memories involves various complex neurological processes and disruptions to these processes can result in loss of memory or the inability to form new memories. Amnesia is a memory disorder, in which, due to trauma or a head injury, certain parts of the memory is inaccessible. The two main types of amnesia are anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to create new memories (Mastin, 2010). “Retrograde

The stage of skill acquisition in which a skill no longer relies on conscious effort is the:

Hippocampus is a small, curved region, which exists in both hemispheres of the brain and plays a vital role in emotions, learning and acquisition of new information. It also contributes majorly to long term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long term memory is the last information that can be forgotten, its impairment has become very common nowadays. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is inability in forming new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of the past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and Bird (2006), hippocampus’s lesions are

His explicit long-term memory was mainly affected. Meaning that his mind without a hippocampus was only able to make “initial impressions” hindering him from keeping the memories for long period of time and the memories would simply just disappear (Kean, 2014). This is why he was unable to remember specific facts, events and what made him “Unable to form new memories”(Kean, 2014). The surgery also affected H.M.’s short-term memory. He was able to “Remember a random numbers for 15-minutes”, with the use of rehearsal this task would lengthen his short-term memory but he would forget that the task had even taken place 5-minutes later (Kean, 2014).

A 30-year-old man named John has no memory capacity due to hippocampal damage from birth. He still cannot remember most of his past. His family tries to help him by going through old photos and watching home videos. John has to write everything down. Routines help keep him organized and learning is something he has to concentrate on more. He travels by train because of his bad memory. He has traveled by train hundreds of times but has to continue to write down directions. John gets on a train heading to see neuroscientist, Dr. Faraneh Vargha-Khadem of University College London. She discusses her work with him. The hippocampus is crucial to memory. Compared to a normal person’s, John’s hippocampus are half the size and are not automatically registering. Dr. Vargha-Khadem asks him to draw a picture she shows him. He does pretty good. One hour later, she asked him to draw the same design from memory. He could not do it. His ability was completely compromised, she said. John’s memory is stuck in the present and he will not be mentally able to time travel to the past or future.

In 1985, a musicologist, and a husband to Deborah Wearing by the name of Clive Wearing, was a man in his mid-forties that suffered from a brain infection called herpes encephalitis (Sacks,2016). The infection caused damage to different regions of the brain that is connected to one’s memory (Sacks,2016). This infection caused the brain to swell up, and caused it to get crushed against the skull (France, 2005). Unfortunately, he was then diagnosed with a disorder called amnesia (Sacks,2016). Clive Wearing suffered from two types of amnesia such as, Anterograde, and Retrograde amnesia which both effected his memory (The Human Memory,2010). Retrieved from http://www.human-memory.net/disorders_anterograde.html.

Additionally, to further support these theories, researchers tend to conduct studies on the famous patient case, HM, to propose the consolidation deficit theory, in which those with amnesia cannot turn short-term memories into long-term memories (Dewar et al., 2010). However, researchers Dewar, Della Sala, Beschin, and Cowan (2010), mentioned that HM’s case does not fully explain why a patient with anterograde amnesia has the ability to get better at cognitive tasks despite being unable to recall having performed those tasks at a previous time. On the same hand, Duff, Wszalek, Tranel, and Cohen (2008) mentioned that most individuals with anterograde amnesia experience heightened intelligence, attention, skill, and reasoning levels (procedural memory).

Brenda Milner had Henry do a series of test to see what areas of the brain was affected by the damage. One of the tests involved HM drawing a five point star though a mirror. Each time HM would do the test Milner would time Henry to see if there was any improvement. Henry himself couldn’t remember doing the tests but his hands would remember doing the motions. Each time HM did the test his times would get better. Due to HM, Milner was able to find that humans have a form of memory called motor learning. Motor learning is a change resulting from practice and experience, which is how HM was able to get better times on the tests. Henry could also remember who celebrities or other famous people after his surgery. During an interview he was able

The concentration of power under President Hugo Chávez has taken a heavy toll on human rights in Venezuela. School students and people are getting assaulted everyday, there is definitely a lack of fairness or human rights. It is in human nature, when we get more power we tend to abuse it weather its for good or bad. In this case, the power is being used in the wrong way. This abuse and corruption has been going on for years. Back in February 2014, students went against the government

Amnesic patients tend to suffer from permanent or temporal, normally partial or total loss of episodic memory and an impaired capacity to form and store new memories. On the other hand, they seem to demonstrate unimpaired performance of behaviours involving prior experiences on tests which do not require any intentional or conscious recollection of those experiences (Schacter, 1992). Hence, most amnesic patients demonstrate the ability to retain and learn new behaviours through priming and conditioning, and acquire new perceptual, cognitive, motor and emotional skills which cannot be traced back to an explicit memory but can be demonstrated implicitly.

When it comes down to at-will employment, it benefits employers and employees. With at-will employment, an employer has the right to terminate an employee at any time and for any reason. There are no predefined legal requirements in terms of notice being served periods. This means the termination can be done with no prior notice. If an employer or an employee who is in an at-will employment position decides to terminate the employment relationship, the other party has no other

Roger goes to his friend’s wedding where he is introduced to over 50 people. Roger’s goal at this wedding is to meet new people, and remember as many names as he can. In order for him to get their names into long-term memory, he first needs to get them past sensory, and short term memory. For him to be able to do this, he needs to come up with some strategies to remember these names. He will learn when it is necessary for him to rehearse the names over in his head, group some of them together, or making connections to the names. By testing out these strategies, we will learn how information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory, and hopefully to long-term memory.

Serving in the Military for 17 years, it has taught me many skills to be successful in life and when attending online schools or traditional learning in classroom environments. Of those skills are leadership, organization, reasoning, problem solving, oral communications, planning, and adaptive skills. Some of these skills I try to use during school such as organization, planning, and being adaptive. These skills are what I would say that I bring to the program and that they will continue to help me throughout my academic journey. Being able to be organized is key to ensuring that our coursework flows smoothly along with our everyday life styles. If we are unorganized then it can become very chaotic and unproductive to completing school work

Case 1 tells the story of Henry Molaison (HM), a man with no memory. He lost his memory due to the operation of suctioned out the hippocampus to treat his epileptic seizures. At that time, it was not known yet that the hippocampus was essential for making memories. After operation, his seizures were significantly reduced, but Henry suffered a global amnesia. Owen et al. (2007) describes patients with global amnesia as perceptive and attentive but with a total loss of short-term memory and some trouble accessing memories of the recent past. Henry could not learn new things as he quickly forgot everything that he had learned. He could learn at a subconscious level only.

Because of his anterograde amnesia, Mr. Thompson suffered from declarative memory loss; however, his nondeclarative and procedural memories appeared to be preserved. I believe that Mr. Thompson suffered from an impairment of episodic memory and retained his semantic memories because he could reflect common knowledge of the