H1N1 Virus: Article Analysis

Voluntary actions are important because it saves a lot of manpower when the public can have a basic preparation for the disease and prevention from the epidemic by themselves. Moreover, having self-protecting ability and self-efficacy is crucial when facing to a communicative disease. Therefore, government can encourage individuals and commercial facilities to follow their instructions and have a basic understanding of a basic health care, so the public can take measures immediately when an epidemic break out. Also, how to make individuals to follow these instructions is a big problem for public health. In 1819 Spanish influenza, “when Copeland met with representatives from New York City street car companies, theaters, and movie houses, he found them more than eager to help publicize influenza control measures as a way to head off potentially profit-killing closures” (Tomes 55). The public health department realized how to encourage prevention measures was to make use of individuals’ emotional reactions that they opposed those instructions because they feared to lose their income. Instead, government inspired the public to obey another instruction that brought less cost. In order to not obey a more rigorous order, individuals have a great enthusiasm to follow an order that brings less loss. As a result, government can take advantage of this psychology of the public to make policy. Actually, in an epidemic, that only the public health makes every effort to ask individuals follow their instruction is not enough. What’s important is to arouse individuals’ voluntary awareness of healthy preventive methods and their self-control of personal health habits. In 1918 Spanish Flu, public health made such requirement that “the city’s physicians to begin a voluntary program reporting suspected cases and

More broadly, throughout the United States of America, citizens were ordered to wear masks at schools and theatres while other public places were shuttered (1918 Flu Pandemic). State and health departments were closed, and homes and other buildings were made into makeshift shelters (1918 Flu Pandemic). Boy Scouts in New York City approached people they’d seen spitting on the street and gave them cards that read: “You are in violation of the Sanitary Code.” (1918 Flu

Describe two innate (nonspecific) immune responses that might prevent an influenza virus from causing any noticeable infection, even if the virus enters your respiratory passages.

Flu season is upon us and influenza has hit our area particularly hard this year. The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs that spread from person to person through sneezing and coughing. The flu can also be spread surfaces when infected people touch surfaces such as door knobs, shopping carts, computer keyboards, countertops, etc. Symptoms of the flu include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Though it can be difficult to avoid the flu entirely, there are things you can do to protect yourself and your household from getting the flu by following these steps at home. Continue these steps daily throughout the flu season.

It was 1918 early moring at an crowded army base in Kansas when it started.It would become the deadliest disease since the middle ages, when the black dealth wiped out one-thrid of Eurpoes population. It may have started in the United States but it would pass all around the world. The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 was originally a bird virus but then it mutated into a human virus. Today we know it as the flu but back then it had many different names such as the Spanish Influenza, The Spanish Lady and of course the Influenza Pandemic of 1918. It had 3 waves, one worst than the last. Children started to sing a song that fall: I had little bird its name was enza, I opened the window and In-flu-enza. There were a few countries who did not receive this deadly virus because of

Around 5 million people worldwide are affected annually by the influenza A virus (IAV), with infection resulting in severe morbidity and sometimes death. Although effective IAV vaccines exist, annual influenza epidemics occur due to its ability to quickly evolve new strains. Therefore, IAV remains a serious public health threat as evidenced by the recent pandemics involving swine H1N1 and avian H7N9. Thus, there is a vital need to develop more effective vaccines against influenza. Normally, vaccines function by priming the immune system to recognize a pathogen so that the body can more easily identify and eliminate it upon a second encounter. This protective immunity relies on receptors in the innate immune system such as the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I). In contrast, Nod-like receptors (NLRs) sense cellular damage as a result of infection and engage the inflammasome. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that stimulate the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Recent work by Pang et al. examined the relevance of host recognition of viral PAMPs versus virus-inflicted damage in linking innate recognition of IAV to adaptive immunity. Mediation of adaptive immunity to IAV is attributed to production of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β, cleavage products of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1. Pang et al. provided evidence that induction of an adaptive CD8+ T cell response did not depend on PRRs

Influenza A is a highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract that affects all ages. The infection is highest among children and the frequency of serious illness and death is greatest among older adults, over 65 years old. Influenza often is a self-limited disease, subsiding without therapy. It comonly occurs in outbreaks, mainly in the winter months.

Research and share with the class what you believe has been the most devastating pandemic of the last 50 years, what behaviors contributed to the pandemic, and what are the current trends for this disease?

The Influenza virus first came to knowledge in the 18th centre with influenza being derived from the word influence (Collins English Dictionary, 2014). Modern influenza has developed many strains over the last century with the most recent strand being H1N1. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases, 2011). In relation to New Zealand the worst outbreak of flu was 1918 killing around 8,600 in total. Since the development of modern medicines and higher sanitary conditions in hospitals; the flu has not been a major killer but it is still relevant in society.

These five articles talk about the opposite side of the debate on vaccines and show what the parents think about this debate, these articles show where the distrust comes from and how parents are manipulated to believe unaccredited claims. In Kluck’s article she writes, “She (a nurse) assured me in vague terms that it was completely safe and I had nothing to worry about.” We see a common trend in these articles and that is doctors/ nurses give the parents vague terms to assure them that their children will be fine and that the vaccines are completely safe; but parents want more than a nurse telling them, the vaccine is very safe and it is very rare for children to have side effects. They want evident with facts and test to prove it. However, some test that parents find are found to be severely manipulated, in John E. Calfee’s article we see him talk about an article written by “Andrew Wakefield and coauthored by 12 others, the article wrote

In this article I will be talking about The Spanish Flu. The first paragraph will be about how the Spanish Flu entered the United States, the second paragraph will be about approximately how many people were affected by the flue and how many people died because of it, the third paragraph will be about if the Spanish Flu will ever return.

In 2009 I happened to be one of the many thousand who contracted H1N1 type A. My symptoms started off just like a regular flu, with body ache, low grade fever, cough and some chest and nasal congestion. The symptoms continue to last for 3 more days. My doctors prescribed some cough syrup and fever reducer medication but my symptoms persisted and worsened. I was not able to lay flat, which increased my shortness of breath. I was sleeping and napping in either a tripod or sitting position. I soon checked myself into the emergency room where I was initially admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Soon after my admission I was intubated and transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). I was sedated and was placed on the Rotopron bed (a bed that flip the patient upside down so that their lungs can expand better). I was placed on high ventilator settings, with high sedation medications as well as receiving 2 units of red blood cell due to the bleeding of my alveoli-a thin walled sacs at the farthest of the lung. When my 14 day of stay was reached I was trachea with a Shirley number 8 cuffed. I was a patient in the ICU for a total of 24 days. I was DE cannulated and discharge home where I began my

The extremely risk-conscientious mentality that is central to North American and European society propagates the anti-vaccination movement as the minuscule potential for developing an adverse medical condition as a result of receiving a vaccine is catastrophized to an alarming degree6. This notion is especially salient in the case of the H1N1 flu vaccine as the probability of developing the syndrome following vaccination is infinitesimally small, however the visible nature of the symptoms associated with GBS facilitates the amplification and overestimation of the risk. GBS is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the hematogenous leukocytes present in the circulatory system begin to infiltrate the peripheral nervous system producing

There has been an all-out American effort to stop a new kind of bird flu from leaving Hong Kong. There has been a great wall, built fast to stop an outbreak of bird flu from traveling to American shores. This strain of avian influenza has frightening potential, even though the virus has not mutated into its most deadly form. Health agencies around the globe, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, are working around the clock to prevent an outbreak. Because if contagion begins, Hong Kong is key. It is one of the most densely populated places on earth. One person comes into a diner with the flu and coughs, half the diner could become ill. The flu began among birds all over this country and it must be contained. Forty three people have been infected, 11 of them have died. Most have had contact with the avian influenza. Health officials have been monitoring more than 1,000 close contacts of those who are ill to see if they get sick, too. The urgency here is because bird flus can change and it's possible the

What is influenza surveillance? It related to influenza like illness and severe acute respiratory infections. For your information, influenza surveillance has its owned global standards. This have been provided by the WHO’s Global Influenza Programme (GIP). What GIP can do actually? They analyzes and collects the data. The data is about the virological and epidemiological of influenza surveillance. It has been collects and analyzes from around the world. The quality of influenza surveillance need to be share and monitor oftenly.