EQ 7/2
EQ 7/2
PHT 112: HIV AIDS Determinants, Prevention and Management
INTRODUCTION
Human behavior plays a key role in most of the disease condition in life.
a) Socialization; is a life long process through which individuals in a society develop an awareness of social norms and values; achieve destine of self.
b) Norms: Rules and expectations conduct which either prescribes a given type of behavior, or forbid it.
c) Values: Culturally defined standards held by human individuals or groups about what are desirable, proper, beautiful, and good or bad that save as broad guidelines for social life.
d) The individualistic interpretation of disease places emphasis on the individual as responsible for his or health status.
Health
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These infections were all thought to have come from butchering and eating of monkey and ape meat.
2. The Contaminated Needle Theory
This is an extension of the Hunter Theory.
In the 1950s the use of disposable, plastic needles became common around the world as a cheap and sterile way to administer medicine. However, in Africa the enormous amount of needles needed to give inoculations and other medication would have been very costly.
It is likely that one syringe would have been used to give multiple people injections without sterilizing the needle. This would rapidly have transferred any viral particles from one person to another, creating huge potential for the virus to mutate and replicate in each new individual it entered, even if the SIV within the original person infected had not yet converted to HIV.
3. Oral Polio Theory
HIV-1 evolved from accidental vaccine contaminations and subsequent transmissions to
African villagers. In his book, The River, the journalist Edward Hooper suggested that
HIV could be traced to the testing of an oral polio vaccine called Chat, given to about a million people in the Belgian Congo , Rwanda and Burundi in the late 1950s.
Hooper 's belief is that Chat was grown in kidney cells taken from local chimps infected with SIVcmz.
The vaccine was analyzed and in April 2001 it was announced that no trace had been found of either HIV
This mode of transmission, like the virus that causes the common cold, will not kill you, but lets both parties survive.
The author also creates an effective atmosphere of fear by showing that doctors, who are almost always viewed as being superhuman, can so easily contract this virus.
Provide some examples of sources of infection for novel diseases, including the mode of transmission for WNV. Why is this concern?
Now there are two reasons to why the scientist in the movie were so keen to finding patient zero was because the earlier in the outbreak of the disease that the scientist can ident the human carrier the better chance they have of isolating and controlling the disease outbreak. Determining exactly where patient zero travelled and what or who they came into contact to with, epidemiologist is often able to track the outbreak the infectious disease and procedures to isolate and treat the people who might have been expose to the disease or carry the disease. If this is done early enough (what the scientist was trying to do at the beginning of the movie) then the outbreak can be “shutdown” before it takes its natural course. the first reason concerns the spreading of the disease while the second is because of the origin. Identifying patient zero helps epidemiologist place where the first contact with the disease took place. Often harmful viruses exist in natural reservoir like wild animals like bats or cats and some ow ends up getting into contact with patient zero. Learning where the environment in which patient zero got sick can often lead to identifying the source of the virus, which allows preventative steps to be taken to stop future outbreaks and epidemics. Eventually the scientist in the movie identified both patient zero and the origin form which the disease came from. (Siegle)
This theory cannot be confirmed nor refuted due to the fact that SIV screenings for the polio vaccine were not available until 1985 more than 25 years after the beginning of the mass
In my fifteen years of living, I have been vaccinated numerous times for all types of diseases; Polio, Measles, Mumps, and a few others. Immunization
Norms are behaviors or rules that set forth what is expected of us as people and as a society.
use their best attempts to stay away from the virus, individuals still became infected. There were
the virus was able to be transmitted from one person to the next. Viruses cannot simply transmit
If one person disobeyed the quarantine, they would risk being infected by
to pass it on to someone else even if the virus is not active. The
The virus is now travelling inside a sac made from your cell 's membrane. The virus’s genetic material enters the nucleus, and the virus is cloned. Now thousands even millions of new virus’ are in now your body, and taking over
HIV is very popular in America HIV belongs to a group of retroviruses called lentiviruses. The genome of retroviruses is made of RNA. And every virus has two single chains of RNA, for replication, the virus needs a main cell, and the RNA must first be transcribed into DNA, which can be done with the enzyme reverse transcriptase. HIV infects mainly the CD4+ lymphocytes. It also to a lesser degree monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Once infected, the cell turns into an hiv-replicating cell and loses its function in the human immune system. HIV is a ball-shaped virus. It has two single strands of RNA for its genome. The RNA is made to carry the genetic information that passed on when new hiv particles are produced. This is different from a normal cell and it uses DNA to carry its genetic information.
Subsequently, when the virus reaches the host of the victim, the experience is different because each host reacts differently. Hence when the virus is transferred to a host, it does not always result in the disease; some hosts may simply become colonized and exhibit no symptoms. The age and the immunological status of the host also influence the response. Furthermore, the portal of entry influences the infection