HLA-DRB1

Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an autoimmune process that develops when a previous viral insult to the nervous system has occurred in a genetically susceptible individual. B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and activated T cells, along with proinflammatory cytokines, cause inflammation, oligodendrocyte injury and demyelination. Early inflammation and demyelination lead to irreversible axonal

The cause is still unknown-scientists believe the disease is triggered by as-yet-unidentified environmental factor in a person who is genetically predisposed to respond (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). Multiple Sclerosis affects about 2.3 million people worldwide and is thought to be triggered in a genetically susceptible individual by a combination of one or more environmental factors. Most patients are diagnosed with MS between the ages of 20 and 50, they are not born with the disease, it’s two to three times more likely that woman get the disease than men, Caucasians are more vulnerable, and those that are of European extraction. One major unanswered question is whether MS is a single disease or if it could be multiple diseases with different antigens that are affecting different

When one has MS, many complications can occur. MS can lead to depression, and other mental changes such as forgetfulness or moodiness (Mayo Clinic Staff). It also can lead to epilepsy and paralysis. The loss of function and sensory may occur in the limbs. It also can prompt muscle stiffness or muscle spasms (Mayo Clinic Staff). Although there are many complications, the majority of the symptoms and complications of MS are not fatal. MS does not affect life expectancy, as much as the quality of one’s life (Madell,

MS is characterized by the destruction of myelin, inflammation in the CNS and the formation of lesions in the CNS.

It is suggested by previous studies that the damage of the myelin sheath in MS involves the activation of inflammatory factors including the CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages and microglia cells (Luccinetti et al., 1996; Lassmannet al., 2012). However, whether the immune response triggers the onset of MS, or is a consequence of the disease process is currently not clear. Interestingly, several recent studies suggested that the prevalence rate of MS is significantly increased with latitude, which implies that not only the geographical (environmental) differences but racial and ethnic differences may play a role in the worldwide MS distribution (Rosati, 2001; Simpson et al., 2011).

Anyone can develop MS, but many patients share the following characteristics. The majority experiences their first symptoms between ages 20 and 40. Caucasians are more than twice as likely as other races to develop MS. MS is two to three times more common in women as in men. MS is five times more common in temperate climates like those of the northern US, Canada, and Europe. And people whose close relatives have MS are more susceptible to developing the disease, but there is no evidence the disease is directly inherited.

3. Genetics have also been found to be a major contributor and having a first-degree relative such as a parent increases the chances of MS several fold above the general population.

MS(Multiple Sclerosis) is a disease which gradually hardens all tissues and also causes scars. These scars form when the persons immune system's cells go into the central nervous system and cause inflammation to the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. MS is also a non contagious and unpredictable disease. MS is also the most common chronic disease (when it comes to the CNS (Central Nervous System)) with young Australians. Throughout all the states of Australia, Victoria is the State with the most people that have the condition.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that attacks the central nervous system. The myelinated nerve cells get attacked which results in scars and lesions that destroy the myelin sheath. The reason for the body attacking its own nerve cells is unknown. Many believe that the cause of MS is from a virus, a deficiency in Vitamin D, or genetics. Studies are being done to find out what is the real cause of MS.

The causes for multiple sclerosis is unknown. It is an auto immune disease, which the immune system of the body attacks its own tissues. Multiple sclerosis is caused by damage of the myelin sheath. When the nerve covering is damaged, the nerve signals stops or slows down. The inflammation is caused by a nerve damage. This occurs in any region of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord. Women are more affected than men. Commonly diagnosed between ages 20 and 40, but it can be seen at any age.

Multiple Sclerosis, commonly known as MS is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Scientists have been studying MS since the 19th century. In MS, the body’s immune system produces cells and antibodies that attack myelin in your brain which is essential for the nerves in your brain and spinal cord to conduct electricity to perform its function. The attack on myelin results in vison loss, paralysis, numbness, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, stiffness, spasms, and bladder and bowel problems. MS has varying degrees of severity and affects people between the ages of 20-50, mostly women. Although there are treatments, there is no cause and cure yet.

There has not been a specific cause of MS identified, but it has been thought that a wide

All of the activated T-cells then release cytokines and adhesion molecules that enable the T-cells to adhere to and cross over the blood-brain barrier, which normally prohibits the flow of substances into the brain (8,9). The proteins in these T-cells bind to myelin fragments on microglial cells and undergo a secondary activation (10), after which they multiply and release more cytokines, further invading the nervous system (11) and inflaming and damaging the blood-brain barrier. The greatly weakened barrier becomes easily permeable, allowing additional immune system cells, such as B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells to cross over (12). Once through the barrier, B-cells produce antibodies which bind to the oligodendracytes (the cells of the CNS which create myelin) and the myelin itself. Associated macrophages procede to destroy the myelin and may also damage the oligodendracytes (13).

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common disease that causes disruption to the electrical functions of the immune system resulting in cognitive and motor functions to become destroyed. 1 Multiple sclerosis affects 350,000 people in the United States, however; 2.3 million people globally are known to have multiple sclerosis. 2 This disease has throughout the years been on the rise all over the world. This increase could be due to people moving from one region to another. 2 Women tend to be at greater risk of having multiple sclerosis than men. Women typically develop symptoms at the ages of 20 and 40 years while men are known to develop symptoms at a later age. 2 Caucasian women are more susceptible to developing multiple sclerosis while African Americans have a lower chance of getting this disease. 1 Considering that MS is a disease that affects the nervous system, there is no concise explanation as to what causes this disease. Tobacco products have been linked to causing MS as well as some viruses and bacteria. 2 As viruses attack the brain and the spinal cord, the main compartments of our nervous system, this triggers an effect that causes extreme damage to the axons, specifically their mylenated areas.1 Multiple sclerosis triggers pain to the central nervous system, which destroys and prohibits proper functions. This disease is considered as being irreversible because of the damage done to the axons. 2 As damage to the axons is seen, lesions start to develop in the brain and

IL-4 plays an essential role by promoting Th2 cell differentiation while inhibiting Th1 cell differentiation. In contrast to allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases are believed to be dependent on Th1 and monocytic cytokines. IL-4 can therefore act as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, IL-4 could be considered a target for the treatment of allergic diseases like asthma but a potential tool for the treatment of autoimmune