HPV Case Study

These possible increases of HPV throughout the United States and the rest of the world can be attributed to many

Instead, if people saw how serious this virus is, then they may be able to more clearly see how beneficial the vaccinations are. HPV is so common and prevalent in today’s society that it will infect 75% – 80% of both males and females throughout their lifetime. Those infected with specific

The HPV virus has gone unseen by many until the recent controversy over the vaccine. However, this virus is thought to be one of the world’s most wide spread STD’s. “According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 6.2 million women and men are newly infected every year” with HPV. HPV has over 100 strains, with more than thirty that are sexually transmitted. Some of these strains are known to cause cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, or penis cancers and others can cause genital warts. “Studies have found the vaccine to be almost 100% effective in preventing diseases caused by the four HPV types covered by the vaccine—including precancers of the cervix, vulva and vagina, and genital warts” (“HPV Questions and

The incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in my local community Lockport, Illinois is one out of every five people have HPV and due to the vaccinations to prevent HPV, Illinois ranks 48th among the United States for incidences of HPV (Manchir, 2013). HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that is transmitted through sexual contact. HPV is transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sex and on rare occasions, through birth during delivery (Illinois Department of Public Health [IDPH], 2013). Surprisingly, 50 percent of men and women that are active sexually will acquire HPV during their lifetime! HPV has affected 20 million Americans and an astounding, six million additional people will become infected every year (Illinois Department of Public Health [IDPH], 2013). Although Lockport Illinois has a lower amount of people with HPV, as a public health nurse, I realize this is an issue that needs to be addressed in my local community. Awareness is the key to prevention. Teenagers, parents, and all adults need to

Prophylactic vaccination against high risk human papilloma virus 16 and 18 represents an exciting means of protection against HPV related malignancy. However, this strategy alone, even if there is a level of cross protection against other oncogenic viruses, cannot completely prevent cervical cancer. In some countries cervical screening programs have reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by up to 80 percent although this decline has now reached a plateau with current cancers occurring in patients who have failed to attend for screening or where the sensitivity of the tests have proved inadequate. Cervical screening is inevitably associated with significant anxiety for the many women who require investigation and treatment following abnormal cervical cytology. However, it is vitally important to stress the need for continued cervical screening to complement vaccination in order to optimize prevention in vaccines and prevent cervical cancer in older women where the value of vaccination is currently unclear. It is likely that vaccination will ultimately change the natural history of HPV disease by reducing the influence of the highly oncogenic types HPV 16 and 18. In the long term this is likely to lead to an increase in recommended screening intervals. HPV vaccination may also reduce

Assumptions for this analysis are conservative. The number of death prevented could be underestimated as less common HPV-related cancers, for example, anal cancer, are not included in the analysis. Additionally, race and ethnicity disparities could impact the mortality rate. Since black women have the highest cervical cancer mortality rate compared to other races ("The HPV Vaccine: Access and Use in the U.S.," 2015), and Georgia has a relatively large black population, the number of death caused by cervical cancer could be higher than estimated. Therefore, cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccine is potentially underestimated and the cost of each death prevented could be

Numerous studies have been conducted on various facets of human papillomavirus (HPV) in African-American females. These include focusing on the etiology of HPV, predicting its occurrence, describing the health status of those affected, and controlling its occurrence. Per contra, the number of African-American women infected with HPV is substantially higher than other populations such as Caucasians, American Indian/ Alaska Natives, and Asian/ Pacific Islanders. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012) suggests that the rate of African-American females infected with HPV-associated cancer, cervical carcinoma, is 9.9 per 10,000 people, with a 95% Cl [9.7, 10.2]. To understand the extent of HPV infection in African-American

Human Papilloma Virus, more commonly known as HPV, is a sexually transmitted virus. It is spread from skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, typically during sexual encounters. It is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. According to the Immunize Action Coalition, “most sexually active American men and woman will contract at least one type of HPV virus during their lifetime” (A Parent 's Guide to Preteen, 2013, p. 1). To put the numbers in perspective, it infects an estimated seventy-nine million Americans today with approximately fourteen million more people being affected additionally each year (Human

Following this further, African American women die from cervical cancer more frequently than Caucasian women. The most common

Among the many arguments for mandatory HPV vaccination, the foremost is that it is an important medical achievement and a major public health milestone. This vaccine has proven to be one-hundred percent effective in preventing the 4 HPV strains that are responsible for seventy percent of cervical cancers and ninety percent of genital warts. In addition, no serious side effects have been identified. Because this vaccine is a preventive measure, administration before onset of sexual activity is ideal; however, even females who have been sexually active can still benefit from this vaccination (Perkins et al., 2010). Nationally and internationally, the HPV vaccine will significantly reduce disease burden by reducing monetary and psychological costs of invasive procedures that remove precancerous and cancerous lesions. By combining vaccination with routine Pap smear screening, these public health efforts have the remarkable opportunity to eradicate cervical cancer (Ramet et al., 2011).

According to the National Cancer Institute, there were an estimated 12,360 new cases of cervical cancer and 4020 deaths in 2014. Seventy percent of these cases were caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a virus “spread by skin-to-skin contact” (Alexander, et al. 199). This virus can cause warts on the hands, feet, genital areas, of which 90% are caused from HPV, but in addition to cervical cancer, it may also cause cancer in many other parts of the body including head, neck, anal, and penial (Krishnan 2). All of this sounds pretty scary, however, much of it could be avoided with a simple series of HPV vaccinations. All of

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) remains the most commonly sexually transmitted infection in both males and females. (Giuliano et al., 1999).

The decrease in cervical cancer incidence is largely a result of early detection through cervical cancer screening (Siegel, Ma, Zou, & Jemal, 2014). Despite these reductions, certain ethnic or racial minorities and low-income women residing in the United States experience an excess burden of cervical cancer. For example, African Americans and Hispanics experience an approximately 1.5 times increased incidence rate of cervical cancer as compared to non-Hispanic Whites (Siegel et al., 2014). Furthermore, the prevalence of HPV infection among these two ethnic groups is also greater compared to Whites (Hariri et al., 2011). As compared to the United States, Middle Eastern countries tend to have a low incidence rate of cervical cancer,

The circulation of information on the internet contributes to the array of controversy that surrounds human papillomavirus, the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the virus “is so common that nearly all sexually active men and women get it at some point in their lives.” Human papillomavirus, better known as simply HPV, has close to forty strains, which can lead to warts or the development of cancer. A study conducted by Shelley Francis and Mira Katz revealed that across the globe, “cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity among women. Even though women in developing countries account for approximately 85% of the cervical cancer cases and

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection with fourteen million new cases per year (Valentino & Poronsky, 2016). These astronomical numbers make HPV “the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the United States” (Valentino & Poronsky, 2016). HPV infections have been associated with causing multiple cancers. In 2006, the first vaccine against HPV emerged, Gardisil. In 2009 a second vaccine was approved by the FDA, Cervavix (Valentino & Poronsky, 2016). Despite the development of the HPV vaccine, compliance remains low at an uptake rate of only 37.2% in adolescent females (Cassidy & Schlenk, 2012) and 10-12% in adolescent males (Thomas & Snell, 2013). Lack of education, specifically to adolescents and their caregivers, is in large part a direct contributing factor to decreased compliance.