HPV Vaccination Paper

The incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in my local community Lockport, Illinois is one out of every five people have HPV and due to the vaccinations to prevent HPV, Illinois ranks 48th among the United States for incidences of HPV (Manchir, 2013). HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that is transmitted through sexual contact. HPV is transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sex and on rare occasions, through birth during delivery (Illinois Department of Public Health [IDPH], 2013). Surprisingly, 50 percent of men and women that are active sexually will acquire HPV during their lifetime! HPV has affected 20 million Americans and an astounding, six million additional people will become infected every year (Illinois Department of Public Health [IDPH], 2013). Although Lockport Illinois has a lower amount of people with HPV, as a public health nurse, I realize this is an issue that needs to be addressed in my local community. Awareness is the key to prevention. Teenagers, parents, and all adults need to

The advent of new human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines with the potential to prevent the majority of cases of invasive cervical cancer presents a remarkable public health achievement (Markowitz et al., 2007). This is because cervical cancer is the commonest female cancer worldwide and it has been associated with HPV infection (Franceschi et al., 2009). In just 2015, there will be 12,900 new cases of cervical cancer in the United States with 4,100 estimated deaths (Siegel, Miller, & Jemel, 2015).

Most sexually active individuals will have detectable human papillomavirus (HPV) at least once in their lifetime. 14 million people are infected annually, and 79 million people have the prevalent infection. Approximate 5% of the cancers globally are HPV-associated anogenital or oral cancers (1). HPV is transmitted frequently between partners; more frequent transmission has been reported from females to males than from males to females (2). The incidence of anal and oral cancers related to HPV is increasing in the general population and is growing even faster among individuals who are immunocompromised because of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (3, 4). Two prophylactic vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) have been approved for a decade. Recently, the nonavalent vaccine including additional high-risk HPV types is promised to provide more coverage against cervical cancers (5). The HPV vaccine is recommended

The NCCC falls under the umbrella of American Sexual Health Association, a 501(c) 3 organization that promotes the sexual health of individuals, families and communities (Nccc-online.org, 2015). The primary health objective of this intervention is to decrease the incidence of cervical cancer by 30% among women ages 30-40 in Richmond, VA by 2040 through the promotion of HPV vaccination among adolescents. Funding for this intervention will be applied through The Kellogg Foundation who awards grants on a rolling basis without a specific call for proposal (W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 2015). The Foundation’s focus is directly related to preventive care for children, which is in alignment with HPV vaccines to adolescents (W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 2015). A sum of $252,000 is requested for this intervention to pay for educational staff and an HPV awareness

returned X# of articles, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. The results of this systematic review address the effects of barriers to the HPV vaccination, acceptance and adherence to HPV vaccination, and HPV vaccination education on the rates at which college women receive the full three-dose series of the vaccine using data from three medical and health related databases. The last section of the results describes barriers to HPV vaccine series completion. Figure 2 provides a study flow diagram explaining the process of narrowing articles for relevant data in this systematic review.

The study is significant because certain types of HPV can lead to venereal warts, which can ultimately lead to cancer in male and female patients. This disease is preventable, but uptake of the vaccine has been below the expected level since its introduction. One of the goals of Healthy People 2020 is to reduce the proportion of females with HPV infection. The primary means of preventing cervical, anal, penile and oropharyngeal cancer resulting from HPV is completing the vaccination series. Adherence to the vaccination schedule is an important health initiative, so nursing research that helps to increase adherence is essential.

I agree with all who have expressed that the HPV vaccination is one that should be advocated more. Many do not understand the severity of contacting HPV. There are also many who question if they should receive the vaccine as well as an even bigger question of whether to vaccinate their children. Whether or not to vaccinate against HPV is confusing which is understand due to it being a loaded issue. There are two known vaccines for the human papilloma virus; Gardasil and Cervarix. Out of the two Gardasil protects against all four of the HPV strains. Cervarix just focuses on the strange that can cause cancer which are number 16 and number 18. The main target of these vaccinations is to prevent cervical cancer within women thing as it is the most

Between 2007 and 2009, an HPV vaccine program was introduced in Australia. Three years after the introduction, Brotheron, Fridman, May, Chappell, Saville, and Gertig (2011) examined how these vaccines affected women’s cervical health. It was found that after the vaccine program was introduced, there was a lower number of reports of women having high-grade cervical abnormalities. While this was only the first report, it shows great promise that implementing a program for the HPV vaccine will have a positive effect on women’s health. The lower the chances are for people to contract the HPV virus means that there’s a lower chance that people will develop cervical cancer and other

There are two types of vaccines against HPV, which are the bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines (Denny, 2008). Both vaccines are introduced to defend the two high-risk HPV types: type 16 and type 18, which contribute to 70% of cervical cancers in women (Lertkhachonsuk et al., 2013). Crowe, Pandeya, Brotherton, Dobson, Kisely, Lambert & Whiteman (2014) stated that women who completed the vaccination series at the ages of 11-27 have a lower risk to be diagnosed with cervical

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease (STD), is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States with about 14 million cases each year. There are two different types of HPV: low-risk and high-risk. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “more than 90 percent and 80 percent, respectively, of sexually active men and women will be infected with at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives. Around one-half of these infections are with a high-risk HPV” (CDC n.p.). High-risk HPV can sometimes cause cancer; however, there is no way of predicting which infected persons could develop cancer or other serious health problems. The most common form of HPV, low-risk, causes warts; this type of HPV goes away on its own in most cases (CDC n.p.). A vaccination, proven to prevent against four major stands of HPV, has recently been developed. The vaccination has led to an enormous amount of controversy regarding whether the vaccination should be mandatory. Although the vaccine is new, it has been proven effective in preventing HPV and numerous types of cancer caused by HPV; therefore, it should be mandatory in order to protect today’s youth from HPV.

Of the more than 100 known strains of HPV, fifteen types have been found to be the most carcinogenic and contribute to 95% of all cervical cancers. HPV-16 accounts for at least 50% of all cervical cancer while HPV-18—the second most carcinogenic—accounts for at least 10%. At the same time, HPV-16 alone accounts for more than 80% of all vulvar and vaginal cancer (p. 250). But cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers represent only a portion of the carcinogenic effects of HPV. Nearly a decade after the studies that linked HPV to genital cancers, Cleveland et al. (2011) completed a meta-analysis study of The Cochrane Library and the National Guideline Clearinghouse between January 2005 and May 2011, finding that “HPV-16 alone is associated with 85 to 95 percent of oropharyngeal cancers” (p. 917). Furthermore, the meta-analytical study of more than one million women on five continents by Bruni et al. found that between 14.0 and 24.0% of women studied were infected with a form of potentially cancer-causing HPV (p. 1790). Prior to Bruni et al.’s study, it had been presumed that only 10% of the world’s women were infected with HPV (de Sanjose et al., 2007), the true rates being 40% to 140% greater than expected. In other words, once a direct cause-effect relationship between HPV and cancer was found, the need to prevent HPV infection became an exigent, global issue for both men and women’s health.

The opportunity for prevention of HPV infection was presented with the licensing of an HPV vaccine in the U.S. The HPV vaccine (Gardasil®) was first approved for females aged 9-26 in 2006 and for males aged 9-26 in 2009 (CDC, 2013). Despite of the vaccine being considered as a “medical breakthrough” (Radhakrishnan, 2006), national data shows considerably low HPV vaccination rates. For adolescents aged 13-17, 44.3% have received at least one dose and 26.7% have received three doses of HPV vaccine. For young women aged 19-26, only 17.1% have received at least one dose of an HPV vaccine (CDC, 2011b). Due to such results, more marketing campaigns and research studies are being done to help increase the HPV vaccination rate among women.

Methods: A computerized search was conducted using CINAHL, Pub Med and Cochrane systemic reviews. 990 articles were found of which, 500 were appropriate for the topic. 300 identified with HPV in women and 200 were identifiable to males. Of the 990, researchers selected 10 articles based on HPV, vaccination, prevalence, transmission, screening, prevention and overall interest in random control studies.

Prior to June of 2006, Human Pappilomarius (HPV) was almost unheard of to the general public. But after FDA approval of Gardasil manufactured by Merck& Co., HPV vaccine became the headline of many articles and breaking news of many TV channels. Why? Let’s us explore it. According to World Health Organization (WHO), HPV worldwide is the most common sexual transmitted Disease (STD). There are more than 100 strains of HPV and in those 13 strains are known for causing cancer in human. HPV infection goes undetected majority of the time. HPV-infected victims mostly have no signs or symptoms or are there any tests available to detect it. The body immunity usually gets rid of the viruses on its own. However, with persistent infection, it may lead to genital warts and worrisome oro-genital cancers. With normal immunity, it takes about 15-20 years for cervical cancer to develop. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer. It is estimated more than 270,000 deaths from cervical cancer annually (1-6). In 2007, to prevent the devastation result of HPV-associated cancer, the National Advisory Committee on Immunization practices (ACIP) recommended Gardasil as a routine vaccination for girl’s ages 11 to 12 with a catch-up vaccination for those aged 13 to 26. Across the country, thereafter, state legislature attempt to make HPV vaccine mandated. As the result, controversy was generated. In this paper, we

Based on a two-page information fact sheet. Data was presented in tables for comparison and interpretation. Titles, legends accurately describe the content. Results RR (95%CI) or M ± SD. RR (95%CI) = relative risk (95% confidence intervals) where RR >1 indicates higher and RR < 1 indicates lower HPV vaccine acceptance. M ± SD = mean ± standard deviation. Intervention: 5.9 ± 3.1, Comparison: 5.7 ± 2.7. No p value was provided. Pre-intervention: 5.8 ± 3.0, Post-intervention: