HPV and Their Relationship With an Oropharynx Cancer Among Males and Why This a New Public Health Concern

Prophylactic vaccination against high risk human papilloma virus 16 and 18 represents an exciting means of protection against HPV related malignancy. However, this strategy alone, even if there is a level of cross protection against other oncogenic viruses, cannot completely prevent cervical cancer. In some countries cervical screening programs have reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by up to 80 percent although this decline has now reached a plateau with current cancers occurring in patients who have failed to attend for screening or where the sensitivity of the tests have proved inadequate. Cervical screening is inevitably associated with significant anxiety for the many women who require investigation and treatment following abnormal cervical cytology. However, it is vitally important to stress the need for continued cervical screening to complement vaccination in order to optimize prevention in vaccines and prevent cervical cancer in older women where the value of vaccination is currently unclear. It is likely that vaccination will ultimately change the natural history of HPV disease by reducing the influence of the highly oncogenic types HPV 16 and 18. In the long term this is likely to lead to an increase in recommended screening intervals. HPV vaccination may also reduce

Summary of article: In “Bridging the HPV Knowledge Gap,” Christina Demopoulos and two others talk about the importance of knowledge on HPV and how most patients are unaware of this virus and that is it on the oral health professionals to educate them. This virus is transmitted easily through a small cut or tear in the oral cavity and is associated with a variety of oral lesion, cances, and oropahygnel cancers. The article included a statistic that about 12,000 people between ages 15 and 24 are affected everyday by HPV and its only increasing. HPV causes more than 30,000 cancer cases a year which the average age diagnosis is 62, but ther is arise of cases in the adolescents. With that being said, it is put on oral health professional to discuss the ipmo ratio of HPV with patients, and they should become more familiar with HPV because there is an association between HPV and oropharyngeal cancers. One way to bridge the HPV knowledge gap is to do what NEvada is doing. Nevada has a Immunization program which promotes for better health and they hold a lot of information conferences. Overall,

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects roughly 20 million individuals in the United States with 6.1 million new cases each year. There is no cure for HPV, only treatment for associated health problems. There are more than 30 strains of HPV that affect more than half of sexually active individuals in their lifetime. Public health risks involve several types of HPV leading to precancerous lesions and causing 70% of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer, the second most common cancer, affects many women globally. In the United States, nearly 10,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer annually and 3,700 of those women die. It has been reported by American Cancer Society that with early

HPV stands for the human palliloma virus. It is estimated that there are around 100 different types of HPV. The HPV virus can cause lesions to develop on the soft palate, tonsils and tongue. It can also increase the risk of certain forms of cancer, including oral cancer and cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancerous death, in women, since 1950. Approximately 200,000 cervical cancer patients die each year in developing countries. Strains like HPV 16 and 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancer in women– one of the top causes of death in the world (WebMD, 2010, p.1). In the Unites States, about 10,000 women acquire the disease and 3,700 die annually Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is directly associated as a cause of cervical cancer. This virus affects the skin and genital area and, in some cases, it can also infect the throat and mouth. Since the HPV is passed from one person to another through skin-to-skin or sexual contact, sexually active people are more prone to this virus. Merck

Human Papillomavirus(HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) around 20 million people are infected with HPV and additional 6.2 million people are newly infected every year. According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2003-2004 among sexually active women (57% of 14 to 19 years and 97% of 20 to 59 years) HPV was highest prevalent in youngest age group (40% of 14-19 years and 50% of 20-24 years). Infection rates decrease after age of 24 years. There are more than 100 types of HPV viruses out of which 40 cause genital infections. Out of

In the United States alone, an estimated 34,360 people received a diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer in 2007; of these, 7,550 (5,180 men and 2,370 women) died. On average, more than 25% of people who develop oropharyngeal cancer will die of the disease, with only 60% surviving for more than 5 years. In fact, oropharyngeal cancer is as common as leukemia and claims more lives than either melanoma or cervical cancer. Since the mid-1970s, oropharyngeal cancer rates have increased approximately 15%, with significant disparities in some population groups. For instance, oropharyngeal cancer prevalence is significantly higher in males than in females. Prevalence is also higher in Hispanic and black males than it is in white males. The risk of oropharyngeal cancer increases with age, and occurrence is highest in persons older than 50 years and peaks between ages 60 and 70 years. However, there has been a startling 5-fold increase in the incidence of oral cancer in patients younger than 40 years, many of whom have no known risk factors. HPV is associated with 15% to 35% of head and neck cancers worldwide. Fifty percent to 90% of OSCCs in the pharynx, tonsil, and tongue are HPV-positive. Chaturvedi and colleagues investigated the impact of HPV on the

Cervical cancer is the second foremost occurring cancer in women after breast cancer. Cervical cancer is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papillomavirus, or HPV. Infection by HPV typically occurs in the early years of sexual activity according to the World Health Organization (WHO), but it can take up to a full twenty years for it to develop into a full-blown malignant tumor. Scientists believe that for all intents and purposes all cervical cancer cases are caused by infection with a few types of cancer. Great strides have been made in recent years in the development of a vaccine to treat the cervical cancer. Scientists have cultivated a prophylactic vaccine that would protect against the human papillomavirus. HPV's

HPV Virus is responsible for more than 70% of vulvar and vaginal cancers and 90% of cervical and anal cancers.Statistics reveal 33,200 HPV related cancers are reported in the United States each year(CDC,2014). There is no treatment for HPV virus infections as the natural immunity will clear the virus from the body over time. However there are ways to prevent the infection by preventive measures like condoms and vaccines to prevent cervical cancer in high risk individuals. There are two HPV vaccines mainly Gardasil and Cervarix which provide protection against HPV infection. HPV vaccines are recommended for boys and girls in the ages of 11 to 12 years as well as for teen boys and individuals with compromised immunity(CDC,2014). Catch up vaccines are recommended for men and women if

Cancer of the head and neck are diagnosed each year with a high incidence of laryngeal cancer. Maddox and Davies (2012) reported that, “The estimated number of Laryngectomies performed in 1997 was 5,038, this number dropped steadily to a low of 2,966 in 2006 and then rose slightly in 2008 to 3,414”.Men and women both seek surgery to alleviate the problem. Total laryngectomy is undertaken in as many as 50% of patients with a relative survival rate of 52% with no significant

Although the worldwide incidence of Head and Neck Squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been steadily declining over the past 20 years, it is still the sixth most common cancer by incidence with about 50% of mortality. Traditionally, the most notable risk factors for HNSCC are alcohol consumption and various forms of tobacco use, the combination of the two having a significantly synergistic effect on carcinogenesis. More recently, human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancers are increasing and becoming a significant problem, especially in the young population. The reasons are unclear although it has been postulated that an increased practice of oral sex may be a factor.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the human viruses that people might not be aware that they have. HPV can be present within someone’s body but there may be no visual signs or symptoms. The reason why there may be no signs and symptoms is because the immune system can diminish HPV on its own since it can automatically sense it and clear it out of the body, this happens about 90% of the time. Vast majority of the people having human papillomavirus will be cleared out within two years and have no future problems. The Oral Cancer Foundation states that HPV might be present in human body for many years before it is detected or converted to something worst such as cancer (N. Sathish, 2014). However, there are cases when the HPV will stay

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are most commonly implicated in cancer of the cervix, other subtypes are 31, 33, 35 45,51,52,58 and 59 (Franceschi et al.2003). The association between HPV and cervical cancer is unique; no other major human cancer has a single necessary cause (Franceschi et al.2003). The relative risk of cervical cancer after infection with HPV, as indicated by the results of case control studies, is the strongest causal relation in cancer epidemiology identified to date (Bosch et al. 2002). The establishment of the link between HPV and cervical cancer has provided the impetus for research into prophylactic vaccination against the most common HPV types associated with the disease: HPV 16 and HPV 18. One of such studies was on sustained efficacy up to four and half years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and18: follow-up from a randomized control trial by Harper et al (2006). The following section provides the research aims/goals, the specific questions that were asked, the method used to address the questions, findings from the study, implications of the findings to healthcare practice and delivery and finally concluding remarks will be presented.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection. HPV family of viruses comprises many oncogenic and non-oncogenic types that cause anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers and anogenital warts in men respectively. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at particularly high risk for HPV infection and HPV-related disease (Markowitz et al., 2014). In one study, oncogenic HPV types 16 and/or 18 were detected in 37% of MSM between ages 16 and 30 years (Glick et al., 2014). Anal cancer rates are more than 17 times higher among MSM compared to their heterosexual counterpart (Daling et al., 2004, Joseph et al., 2008; Machalek et al., 2012). Anal cancer rates are even higher among HIV-positive MSM (Silverberg et al., 2012). Moreover, recent data revealed a rapid increase in HPV associated oropharyngeal cancers rates among men in the United States (Charturvedi et al., 2011). Aside from cancer, HPV associated anogenital warts negatively affect quality of life and are expensive to treat (Woodhall et al., 2011). Close to 7% of gay and bisexual men report history of genital warts. (Dinh et al., 2008)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small, uncoated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that is responsible for infecting the skin or mucous membranes. It is circular in shape and has a double-stranded viral genome which is approximately 8 kb long. This genome encodes for early proteins which are six in total and is responsible for viral replication and 2 late proteins, L1 L2 and which are viral structure proteins. These type of viruses are encapsulated in a 72-degree capsid of icosahedral protein. HPV is a group of more than 200 viruses linked to the skin and moist membranes lining of the body like the cervix, the anus, the mouth and the throat.