HUN4446 Study Guide Essay

Crohn’s Disease was named after an American gastroenterologist, Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn, in 1932. He and his colleagues discovered an abnormal pathogen, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis while studying a related disease, ulcerative colitis, which belongs to a larger group if illnesses called Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The discovery was made while studying the effects of ulcerative colitis in cattle and noticing the similar characteristics in humans. The infections had an abnormal response with the body’s immune system in both the cattle and humans.

Lactose Intolerance Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose, the predominant sugar of milk. This inability results from a shortage of the enzyme lactase, which is normally produced by the cells that line the small intestine. Lactase breaks down milk sugar into simpler forms that can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. When there is not enough lactase to digest the amount of lactose consumed, the results, although not usually dangerous, may be very distressing. While not all persons deficient in lactase have symptoms, those who do are considered to be lactose intolerant.

There are many tests are used to diagnosis patients with Crohn's disease. Blood tests are usually ordered, but cannot confirm Crohn's disease without further testing. Blood tests often show inflammation in the body. Anemia is common among patients that have Crohn's disease. A colonoscopy is required to help confirm if the Patient has Crohn's disease. Most patients will have abnormalities in the intestinal lining if they have Crohn’s disease. Some Tests that are commonly used is an upper endoscopy (EGD), X-ray of intestines, CT scan, and an MRI. Crohn’s Disease is also known to be genetic.

When lactose becomes available the genes encoding β-galactosidase and lactose permease are upregulated in E. coli.

If someone is lactose intolerant, that means that they are lacking the enzyme lactase, so the lactose does not get broken down into galactose and glucose. If lactose goes undigested it creates many problems. It causes dehydrations because water and electrolytes get pulled into the intestines by the lactose, which acts like an osmotic agent. The result of the increased amount of lactose would be diarrhea, bloating, and gassiness. Although being lactose intolerant seems to be abnormal, it is actually natural. The production of the enzyme, lactase, is a mutation of the LTC gene, it allows us to produce lactase as adults. In all other mammals lactase is produced during infancy but not during adulthood.

Some signs and symptoms of Crohn’s disease is abdominal pain in the lower right area. People also receive pain in joints, lower abdomen and rectum. The pain types can be both mild or severe. Other symptoms can also be bloating, diarrhea, blood in stool (rectal bleeding), nausea, fever, and vomiting. The body starts to feel fatigue and you begin to feel loss of appetite. You begin to feel abdominal cramping and tenderness and it’s also common to get arthritis, depression, mouth ulcers and weight

Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency, CSID, is a congenital enzymatic disorder with which the body is unable to properly digest certain carbohydrates. A person with CSID typically produces low or absent amounts of sucrase, low to normal amounts of isomaltase, and low amounts of maltase. Sucrase, isomaltase, and maltase are important enzymes because they break down complex sugars, also called disaccharides and polysaccharides, into simple sugars, also called monosaccharides. Under ideal physiological conditions polysaccharides and disaccharides are broken down during digestion in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, again, with the aid of enzymes, in order to be absorbed by the body. In a person with CSID this necessary digestion does not take place and therefore causes intestinal complications.

“Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, the sugar in milk. It is produced by the cells lining of the small intestine. Most people are born producing it, but often make less of it as they age, which causes lactose intolerance the symptoms for this include nausea, bloating, and diarrhea to name a few. This enzyme is produced

Elevation of the diagnostic value of CEA for IBS is the main aim of this study.

Lactose intolerance occurs when the body is unable to properly digest foods which contain lactose. Lactose is the sugar found in milk and foods made with milk. Lactase is the enzyme which is produced in the small intestine, and people with lactose intolerance tend to have a deficiency in lactase. Since lactase is produced in the small intestine, lactose intolerance affects the digestive system and leaves people with symptoms which to their digestive tract. Lactose intolerance can also be known as lactose malabsorption since the body does not properly digest lactose. Lactose intolerance is normally harmless; however, the symptoms can be extremely uncomfortable to most people. The signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance usually begin

This essay will focus on Crohn’s disease and pathological changes that may occur in the small intestine as a result of the inflammatory process and discuss the scientific reasons for the possible treatments relating these to pathological processes.

Crohn’s Disease : Scientific evidence indicates that it is not primarily an autoimmune disease but rather a bacterial infection caused by Johne’s Disease in cows, the bacteria being MAP (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis). The symptoms of these cows are identical to those of persons with Crohn’s Disease. It has been established that MAP passes into cow milk and is not destroyed by pasteurization. The MAP then enters the intestinal tissue as a saprophyte, not creating any symptoms. A very severe emotional stress activates the MAP and it becomes active in the intestinal tissue. The reaction of the body is to send antibodies to the intestines but as they can not pass into the thick tissue they attack the intestines themselves, creating an autoimmune disease. Camel milk’s protective

Lactose intolerance occurs when the body has a hard time digesting dairy products. Lactose is a milk sugar and is broken down by enzymes in the intestinal track, allowing the enzymes to be used as an energy source. Lactase is an enzyme which breaks down lactose. Lactose intolerance occurs when the intestine does not contain lactase (Jackson). Low lactose activity in the small intestine, allows undigested lactose to pass into the colon, where the bacteria are able to convert the sugar into hydrogen gas and organic acids. This causes symptoms such as bloating and cramping (“Lactose Intolerance”). The two causes of lactose intolerance are primary lactase deficiency and secondary lactase deficiency. In primary lactase deficiency the level of lactase enzyme falls as a person gets older. This does not allow the person to tolerate the amount of lactose that they were used to. This affects around 70 percent of the population. Secondary lactase deficiency is a temporary condition in which the level of lactase drops due to a problem in a person’s digestive

The index colonoscopy and biopsies are accurate in distinguishing CD from UC in 89% of cases.15 However, this differentiation is challenging at times. Features that raise suspicion of CD include the following:

A typical American household’s shopping list contains milk and other dairy based products. A lot of people cannot even start their day of without having milk. A typical person who has lived in US, and drinks milk on a daily basis probably believes that majority of the world’s population is also able to consume milk. However, research has shown that majority of the world’s population (70%)* is not able to digest milk. Milk contains a sugar called lactose. * Breakdown of lactose is the major determining factor in whether a person’s body is able to digest milk or not. All mammals can digest milk in infancy but once they stop drinking milk, they stop producing the enzyme lactase*. The enzyme lactase breaks down disaccharide sugar lactose into monosaccharide sugars of glucose and galactose*. A person’s ancestral history is a major factor in determining whether he/she will lactose intolerant or intolerant. A higher proportion of people of East Asian, Southeast Asian and Native American are more likely to not be able to digest milk.* A person is considered Lactose Intolerance when he/she is not able to break down a great amount of the sugar lactose. * Majority of the lactose tolerance individuals come from Northern European ancestry*. A person who can digest milk is called Lactose tolerant. * The most likely cause for lactose tolerance is the gene that controls lactase enzyme, is turned on, as a result of a mutation. Therefore, their lactase enzyme is