Haemoglobin Lab Report

“Erythrocytes contain haemoglobin, an important respiratory pigment that is essential for human life” (Strech, Beryl; Whitehouse, Mary;, 2010) Haemoglobin is very important because it is an iron-containing protein.

There are four blood types found in humans. These are A blood type which has the genotype either AA or AO, B blood type which has the genotype either BB or BO, AB blood type which has the genotype AB, and O blood type which has the genotype OO. These genotypes show a combination of complete dominance and codominance. A and B traits are dominant to the recessive O trait, however, the A trait is codominant to the B trait. Each blood type codes for certain antigens. A blood codes for the A surface antigen, B blood codes for the B surface antigen, AB blood codes for both the A and B surface antigen, and O blood does not code for a surface antigen. Therefore to determine one’s blood type a test can be performed

Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy. In catabolism, large molecules such as lipids, nucleic acids and proteins are broken down into smaller units such as fatty acids and amino acids. When food is broken down energy is released as the foods molecules’ bonds are broken. Then this energy is used to reform the bonds that have been broken so that ATP can be recreated. More energy can be obtained when oxygen is present and the process proceeds on aerobically. The aerobic production of ATP occurs inside the mitochondria in cells. The broken down food molecules then enters the blood stream. Blood is a liquid connective tissue as it is made up of red and white living cells. Oxygen is transported in the red blood cells which are attached to a protein called haemoglobin. Nutrients including glucose are dissolved in the plasma. Plasma is a mixture of water, sugar, fat, proteins and salts. The main function of the plasma is to transport blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins and chemical messengers such as hormones that help maintain the body’s fluid balance. The red blood cells also carry iron which attracts oxygen. Our cells use oxygen to make energy. Iron is also needed to keep the immune system healthy and help brain cells. Without your heart, blood vessels and blood you wouldn’t be able to get the

A married couple of 8 years, the Johnsons, have three children. The thing is, even though the Johnsons are married, Mrs. Johnson has been having an affair with a certain Mr. Wilson for the entirety of the marriage, which leads us to this question; are Mr. Johnson’s children actually his, or are they related to Mr. Wilson? A simple blood test can figure this out for us. By using samples of everyone’s blood, it can be determined if the children are not related to Mr. Johnson by seeing if their blood types match. The test involves gathering blood samples of both Mr. Wilson and Mr. Johnson, along with the children and Mrs. Johnson. Antigens in blood can be detected by Anti-serums and if picked up, can tell different blood types apart. For example,

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The purpose of this experiment is to identify the different blood types through the antigen and antibody reaction by using the anti- A, Anti- B and Anti- Rh serums we will be able to identify the different blood types. We will also discuss how this can be used in the clinical setting of this blood typing procedure, by doing so we will know how antigens and antibodies relate to the blood typing procedure in the real world settings.

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I. Water helps to produce nourishment and protection to major organs through the removal of waste from the body

4) List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain the major functions of each

Hemoglobin has a relatively low attraction for oxygen, but once a heme group can bind with one molecule of oxygen; a structural change occurs creating a more oxygenated form that can attract more oxygen molecules. This results in a chain reaction that causes easier binding between the second, third and fourth molecules of oxygen to the heme group. Oxy-hemoglobin has an oxygen affinity that is many times greater than that of deoxy-hemoglobin. As oxygen binding is said to be reversible, both oxy-hemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin are said to be in equilibrium to one another. In certain circumstances, the oxy form is favored and in other conditions the deoxy form is favored.

Haemoglobins are formed when four Globin molecules link together.

These cells' cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin, an iron-containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the blood's red color.

Investigating haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in blood samples using the haemoglobincyanide method and in foetal haemoglobin samples

The other type of artificial blood is more of a blood substitute as it is derived from either outdated bovine or human red blood cells. It is known as Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOC), Hemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying protein molecule found in red blood cells is extracted from the obsolete red blood cells through ultrafiltration and purification. The Hemoglobin must undergo specific processes in an attempt to prevent the Hemoglobin from disassociating from its natural four-chain configuration (Fridey 3). There is numerous methods of chemically altering the Hemoglobin to increase the molecules size so it does not dissociate and break down. The two main processes of enlarging the