Haemolytic Anemia Research Paper

1.Full blood counts: To assess the Hb for evidence of anemia, WBC for evidence of infection.

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) is one of the most severe autoimmune disorders that kills between 29-77% of dogs each year [1]. The disease is usually found in large and middle aged dogs. IMHA is a pathologic process that results in premature destruction of red blood cells when an immune response directly or indirectly targets red blood cells of all ages[ 2]. IMHA can be caused by various factors, but categorized in two ways. IMHA can be an idiopathic autoimmune event (primary IMHA) or associated with trigger factors (secondary IMHA) such as imbalance of immune cells caused by another underlying disease, toxin, drug, or vaccine [3]. The most common clinical signs of IMHA may be acute or chronic, depending upon the rate of hemolysis. If the patient is in a chronic state, they will have symptoms such as lethargy, jaundice, decreased physical activity, diarrhea, or discoloration of urine, which most mistake for a urinary tract infection. If there is a more rapid hemolysis occurring, the first symptom to happen may be an acute collapse from the dog [1]. Although the mortality rate of IMHA is fairly high, there are treatment options to improve tissue oxygen delivery and to suppress the immune response to prevent some of the major complications that occur with IMHA [1]. Depending on the severity of the patients IMHA, a blood transfusion may be required, but if not then most cases are treated with immunosuppressant therapy such as glucocorticoid therapy, adjunct

The cause of sickle cell anemia is by a mutation gene. The gene tells your body to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is responsible for giving the blood its red color and allows the red blood cells to carry oxygen from your lungs to all the parts of your body. The sickle cell gene is passed down from one generation to the next and is inherited. It is called autosomal recessive inheritance. This happens when both the mother and father pass on the detective form of gene. If only one parent passes on the sickle cell gene to the child that means the child will have the sickle cell trait. People who have the sickle cell trait are carriers and can pass the defective gene to their children. Your ethnic background can put you at risk for sickle cell anemia.

Sickle cell anemia is a severe condition in which there aren’t enough healthy, round red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen throughout your body. It is a form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin--a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates--distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape. This causes low oxygen levels. Normal red blood cells are flexible and round allowing for easy movement throughout your blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells are rigid and sticky and are shaped like a crescent moon--or a sickle. The effect is the red blood cells get caught in small vessels and block blood from reaching different parts of the body. This can cause pain and tissue damage.

She looked jaundiced (yellowing of her body tissues), which is due to accumulation of bilirubin, a blood product, due to impaired excretion by the liver (7). Her mental status was indicative of hepatic encephalopathy, with orientation to only person and place, and did not know the date or time. Abdominal examination exposed moderate tenderness, normal bowel sounds, and severe ascites. Ascites is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity, and is often caused by blood backed up in the hepatic portal vein going into the liver, due to cirrhosis. The backed up blood fills with byproducts that cannot be processed by the diseased liver, which shuts down the kidneys. The disabled kidneys cause a buildup of fluid, which leaks out of the vasculature and into the abdominal cavity (8). Diseased livers also often produce less albumin, a protein in the blood that helps keep fluid in the vasculature. When the albumin levels drop, fluid leaves the blood, entering the body as edema, or swelling, which was moderately visible in her feet (9). Upon rectal examination, hemorrhoids were noted to be present, but are not considered a pathology, simply an anatomical structure that exists in most people from a young age (10). A stool sample was taken, and tested positive for blood with a hemoccult test.

Sickle-cell Anemia is a disorder that is typically inherited from a person's parents. Sickle-cell anemia results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin (haemoglobin S) that is found in red blood cells. In such a condition the red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The affected cells die early which results to a shortage of healthy red blood cells and can block blood flow causing pain. The disease s caused by gene mutation through the process of substitution. In the Sickle-cell condition one Amino Acid; glutamic acid is always replaced by another acid valine. This happens in each of the two polypeptide chains of the haemoglobin molecule.This alteration results to a haemoglobin type S that is defective and is genetically

The disease I chose to do my first paper on is Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. This was a disease that I actually acquired as a young child and was diagnosed and treated for. The way it is described is a early destruction of red blood cells which affects the Cardiovascular system. It ends up clogging the filter systems of the kidneys and then at some point could lead to kidney failure if not treated correctly.

Did you know that 70,000 to 80,000 alone in the United States of America are affected by sickle cell anemia alone? Stated from The United States National Library of Medicine. Also said by the United States National Library of Medicine 1 in 500 African Americans and 1 in 1,000 to 1,400 Hispanic Americans have the disease. Sad to say but my brother is a part of that 1 in 500 African American. Which one of the prime reasons I choose this topic. This disease is very severe and can cause excruciating pain and harm to someone's life.

Pernicious anemia due to decreased B12 affects the hematopoietic,gastrointestinal and nervous systems of the body. The hematopoietic system is affected in that, B12 is essential for the formation of red blood cells, therefore without adequate B12, there is a reduction in the production of red blood cells causing abnormally large shaped red blood cells to be produced. Red blood cells carry oxygen , therefore the NP will anticipate patients with anemia to have symptoms like dizziness, fatigue, pallor, tinnitus, cardiomegaly with murmur, tachycardia, and chest pain. Additionally, symptoms of the affected gastrointestinal system include anorexia, weight loss, abdominal cramping, weight loss, and glossitis. Moreover, symptoms of the affected

Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disease that causes some red blood cells to take the form of a sickle this form is more easily destroyed which can lead to anemia. The disease is caused by defective hemoglobin. There are different types of hemoglobin, but Hemoglobin A is the primary hemoglobin affected by sickle cell. Hemoglobin A is made up of 2 alpha globin chains and 2 beta globin chains. The beta globin chain becomes misshapen due to a mutation. The mutation in the beta globin chain occurs when the sixth amino acid is valine instead of glutamic acid. Valine is Hydrophobic which has different properties than glutamic acid which is Hydrophilic. When the cell is deoxygenated it combinates with other cells that have the mutation

Cirrhosis of the Liver can be detected in a few ways. One way is testing. A physical exam, blood tests and some other tests can help doctor’s detect and diagnose this disease (Digestive Disorders Health Center Cirrhosis of the Liver, 2008). In a physical exam a doctor can feel any changes in the shape of the liver, how it feels and how large it is (Digestive Disorders Health Center Cirrhosis of the Liver, 2008). Blood tests can prove whether or not a person has Cirrhosis of the Liver. Other tests include taking pictures of the liver (CT Scan) or an ultrasound (Digestive Disorders Health Center Cirrhosis of the Liver, 2008). Other ways that it can be detected are by a biopsy or

In a more serious case they will undergo blood transfusions and take medications. Patients with a severe form of Aplastic Anemia will need to undergo a bone marrow or stem cell transplant. Blood transfusions aren’t a cure for this disease but they do relieve the anemic symptoms by temporarily replacing the deficiency of RBC and platelets in the blood stream, raising the blood cell count. The doctor may also prescribe certain drugs which act as bone marrow stimulants, they stimulate the bone marrow to produce blood cells. Patients with this disease also have a very weak immune system due to their WBC deficiency, because of this they are very susceptible to viruses but won’t be able to fight them, because of this the doctor will prescribe antibiotics and antivirals to prevent infection. Patients who have Aplastic Anemia due to an autoimmune disorder will be given immunosuppressant drugs to prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s bone marrow. A stem cell transplant also called a bone marrow transplant is the best treatment option for a patient with severe Aplastic Anemia, who is young and has a matching donor-the ideal choice would be a sibling donor. Once a donor is found the patient undergoes radiation and chemotherapy to destroy their bone marrow which is not functioning. Then, the donor’s blood is filtered for its healthy stem cells. The

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is one of the most prevalent recessive autosomal diseases in the world, affecting approximately 300,000 newborns each year, with the number predicted to rise to 400,000 by the year 2050. It is a disease of the β-globin gene (HBB), whereby a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) causes the β6 glutamic acid (Glu) to mutate into valine (Val). The resulting Glu6Val changes the conformation of the red blood cell (RBC) because Val is hydrophobic and Glu is acidic, polar, and has a negative charge. This SNP causes the hemoglobin (Hb) to alter its tertiary structure, forming Hb S which then creates long polymers that alter the RBC’s shape. Many forms of treatment for SCA are being researched, with some of the most promising results coming from gene therapy. Although gene therapy does provide a promising outlook for many diseases, the technique is still under

This type of blood disorder causes a variety of symptoms actually. The most common symptom is a significant drop in the blood count. Your spleen is designed to act as a filter and help the body fight off bacteria. In the case of someone who has been diagnosed with Spherocytosis, the spleen thinks the white blood cells are bacteria and will not filter them in its normal daily cycle, and the red blood cells are oddly shaped causing them to break down more easily, in turn, causing the drop in the person’s blood count (Hemoglobin Count). Therefore, once the body has a drop in the hemoglobin count, you will be able to tell by the yellow appearance in their skin and eyes called, jaundice. Meanwhile, in the body, it is trying to recover from the significant changes and causes the gallbladder to develop gallstones which will need to be fixed by removing it also. In most cases, when the spleen is removed, the gallbladder is to be removed at the same time. This is one of the most common fixes to this particular disorder. Generally, once the splenectomy has been performed, the person will have a full recovery and no lasting effects; in some (very rare) cases the person will still have reoccurring problems with drops in the hemoglobin

This study was aimed to assess the hemoglobin level, and associated factors to the development of neonatal infection in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).