Haemophilus Influenza

Homologous Structures – structures that have different functions but have a common ancestry. (ex. – arm of a human, flipper of a whale, and the wing of a bat)

As well as this, certain blood proteins are found in a number of species. When genetic code (DNA and RNA) is used by a cell, it builds amino acids in a sequence, which forms protein. Chemical tests can determine whether one species has the similar blood proteins to another, thus showing evidence of evolutionary relationships. Organisms with a common ancestor have a close number of amino acid sequences in common. For example, chimpanzees and humans have no difference in their amino acid protein count in their haemoglobin – evidence for a common ancestor.

Haemophilus influenza was first identified by Pfeiffer in 1892, who believed it was the cause of influenza. He identified this during an epidemic. It was called the “influenza bacillus” Eventually; the error of this diagnostic association was recognized. According to the government website on diseases, the organism was given the genus name Haemophilus, meaning “blood-loving,” and the species name influenza in recognition of the historical association. Haemophilus Influenza type b is commonly known as Hib.” Hib is a bacterium that can cause severe infections, particularly in young children. Despite its name, it is unrelated to the influenza virus” (MacNeil,Jessica) : Hib was found in a group of patients during an influenza outbreak in 1892,

In terms of comparing protein sequences, “homologous” means similarity between protein sequences. The proteins may be even more homologous because of similar – but not identical – residues. Often, homology is

Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is an illness caused by RNA viruses that infect the respiratory tract of many animals, birds, and humans. Influenza viruses are found in body fluids such as saliva and mucous and commonly transmitted via tiny, air-born droplets created through sneezing and coughing. Depending on the conditions and temperature of the environment, the Influenza virus can remain infectious for up to one month. Transmission occurs as a new host comes into contact with viruses dispersed into the air or onto surfaces of objects. The main targets of the influenza virus are the columnar epithelial cells of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. HA binds to galactose-bound sialic acid on the surface of host cells. The HA binding

Natalie informed members that clarification has been provided where the Prevnar 13 will be given first then Pneumo23 vaccine. This is forthcoming for the next influenza season by Alberta Health in August 2016.

Convergent evolution is a Development of similar characteristics, with the creatures of different origins and independently of each other. Convergent evolution is generated when the creatures are not close to each other in terms of systematic work and strong selection pressures similar. As more extreme living environment, and as more time passes during beings exposed to harsh environmental conditions, the more likely the formation of the assembly and made similar

system — your nose, throat, and lungs. It mostly occurs in late fall, winter, and early spring. Influenza, frequently called the flu, affects more than 60 million individuals in the US every year. Influenza and its complications can be deadly. The people at higher risk of developing

Influenza, or what most people call the “flu”, is a respiratory infection that is an example of an acute emerging infectious disease. Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, which is a negative sense single stranded RNA virus and is a localized infection affecting the respiratory tract. Influenza virus has eight different RNAs in its genome that encode for viral genes. Influenza is prevalent throughout the United States and the world, requiring international surveillance of the virus by the World Health Organization (WHO). The influenza virus infects 5 to 10% of the United States population every year.

*Among almost 22,000 protein-coding loci, it has many single members for most vertebrate multigenic families. *The Amphioxus genome analysis confirms two full genome duplication events leading from invertebrates to mammals. *This makes Amphioxus an excellent model for the ancestral chordate genome, not only in gene content but also with respect to exon-intron distribution and chromosomal organization. *It also demonstrates that the urochordates secondarily lost many genes. *After the two genome duplications, approximately 20-25% of the duplicates were maintained in the vertebrate genome, with a strong bias towards genes involved in transcriptional regulation, signaltransduction and neuronal

Homologous Hox clusters are found in various different phyla, one in echinoderms, cephalochordates, and urochordates, and another four clusters are found in vertebrates. The cool thing about this is, while the clusters themselves are different in their respective phyla, there is a staggering similarity in the sequencing of these genes. What this study discovered about Hox genes in Asterias Rubens, otherwise known as the common starfish, is especially

The phylogenetic tree is also known as the evolutionary tree. As the name suggests, it represents the relationship of evolution in different animal species of animal that are represented in a tree-like diagram or branching diagram. The taxa that are drawn into diagram are according to their differences and similarities in their genetic and physical materials. The animal that is seen today is at the tip of the tree is the modern animal. The tree is often branched out from a common ancestor into various species because of gene mutation or environmental factor. Animals with common descendants have similar trait among them, and this is referred as homology that can be in the structure like gene sequence.

Many species’ genes have not been sequenced, there could be multiple matches found once more species are added to the genomic database.

Pseudogenes were studied as “junk” and researcher discovered that there was some significance. Pseudogenes are DNA sequences that look like normal genes, but have no functions, o so we thought. Pseudogenes are made by duplication of a DNA sequence with modifications and also during reverse transcription of mRNA. Pseudogenes can be found by using sequence alignment programs that detect similar regions in the nucleotide sequence; for example: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool or FAST-All.

Whole genome duplication (WGD) is a process that results in multiple copies of the entire genome within cells of an organism causing polyploidy. Polyploidization provides a genome with thousands of duplicate genes and regulatory elements, all of which are subject to unique evolutionary forces. Immediately after duplication, all regions of the genome are nearly identical. However, depending on the selection acting on the gene, the duplicated copy could result in a number of different fates. If there is strong purifying selection on the gene, all copies would retain the initial function, but under other circumstances, the duplicated genes could develop a new function, divide the ancestral function among the duplicates, or lose all functionality.