Haemophilus Influenzae Case Study

A sample of the patients bacteria causing the urinary tract infection can only be used if a urine sample is bacteriologically viable (1 Radar). Infected urine and sterile urine are common samples used for the diagnosis of patients (1 Radar). It is important to gain further knowledge of multiple organisms’ resistance to antibiotics that cause urinary tract infections (1Radar). Escherichia coli has distinct characteristics and structures that help identify their unique properties (2 Johnson). Escherichia coli is the most common and most prevalent bacteria present in the fecal flora of the human colon (2 Johnson). Because of Escherichia coli unique ability to overcome the obstacles of a new environment, it makes easy for bacteria to spread into the urinary tract and produce a discomforting infection (2 Johnson). All research conducted lead to the belief that Escherichia coli was the Enterobacteriaceae pathogen causing the UTI in the patient. In order to confirm this prediction a set of differential tests and biochemical test must be conducted.

Due to weaken immune system, declining organ function, poor sensory perception, and multiple prescribed and over the counter medications, and comorbidities elderly patients are at risk for infections. For many elderly patients the possibility of developing an infection is extremely high, on account of hospitalization or living in long-term care facilities. The most common type of infection acquired in these facilities is urinary tract infections. A urinary tract infection most likely affects the bladder or urethra; more serious urinary tract infections occur in the kidneys. There may be symptoms such as urinary urgency or frequency, but in other cases there are no symptoms at all. This urine infection is caused by gram-negative sepsis.

The four specific databases that were used in this research are, Cinahl, Medline, Joanna Briggs and Cochrane Library. All of these databases were chosen because they provided up to date peer reviewed evidence that was relevant to the search terms. This ensures that the evidence that was found was relevant and reliable. The Cinahl website was useful to gather background information on the topic such as how a UTI is contracted and how it effects the body. The Cochrane Library and Medline website was useful to because it gave specific information on studies that had already been done by other researchers. This helped to ensure that the study that is being undertaken was searching for the right results.

Most urinary tract infections are primarily caused by bacteria that live in the bowel region of the body. The bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as “E. coli”, causes most UTIs. The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to the bladder act as only one way valves to prevent urine from moving back up toward the kidneys. Urination is intended to wash microbes and any infectious bacteria out of the body. In males, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow down bacterial growth in the urinary tract. In both woman and men, immune defenses try to prevent infections, but despite these safety procedures put in place by the body, infections still do occur in some individuals.

When a person contracts a UTI, drugs are usually the first thing taken to try to get rid of the UTI. But, in recent studies, e.coli’s resistance to common UTI drugs is rising. Veronique Greenwood conducted a study in 2012 that showed the rise in drug resistance of e.coli bacterias. The study showed a 14% increase in resistance in the drug ciprofloxacin, a 6% increase in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the two most prescribed drugs. As the e.coli becomes resistant to these drugs, large problems can arise for many people. For instance, when the drugs become fully ineffective, a large population of people can become sick from the e.coli bacteria, or become harmed from the toxic drugs doctors would have moved onto. Also, is the bacteria is left untreated, the infection can spread from the urinary tract to the bladder and eventually to the kidneys causing kidney failure. In brief, whether contracted from a fecal incident, or unsanitized food, e.coli can be extremely dangerous and can result in a sickness or

Another pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) leads to kidney, UTI and respiratory infections. Because there are so many types of infections it has made it more difficult to control them. With the occurrence of more infections comes the use of more antibiotics leading to an increase in drug resistant bacteria and the possibility of more HAI.

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) affect patients in a hospital, GP clinic, nursing home, patient’s in home after discharge or any other healthcare facility (NHMRC, 2010). These infection are not usually present at the time of hospital admission (WHO, 2009). Healthcare associated infections or nosocomial infections such as UTI, pneumonia, gastroenteritis among them healthcare associated pneumonia (HCAP) is one of the most common, significant and controllable issues today specially in immunocompromised patients. The impact of this infection includes increased risks of patient morbidity and mortality, extended hospital stay, additional suffering, decrease quality of life and also extra cost to treat the infection which burden both for patient

Healthcare associated infections (HAI’S) appear in hospitals and other healthcare facilities around the world. Many infections are within the (HAI’S), but the main infections are: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection, Surgical site infection, and Ventilator-associated pneumonia. (www.CDC.gov). In healthcare many infections are in effective because the infections are constantly coming through. In non-healthcare facilities infections are still effective because the infections are throughout our community.

Lehne (2013) continues by stating that in nosocomial caused cystitis E. coli makes up only 50 percent of UTI’s. In hospital settings more common gram negative causative agents of cystitis are Pseudomonas, Proteus or Klebsiella pneumoniae. There is also a gram positive agent named Staphylococcus saprophyticus that makes up 10 to 15 percent of nosocomial UTI’s.

Germs that spread through sexual contact. This is the leading cause of urethritis. This may include bacterial or viral infections.

Dynamic disease of the urinary tract creates in one of three ways: Microorganisms flowing in the circulation system from another site of contamination are kept and increase in the kidneys to deliver pyelonephritis by the hematogenous (beginning from the blood) route; Microscopic organisms colonizing the terminal third of the urethra or the outside urogenital surfaces rise the urethra to the bladder, causing cystitis (disease of the bladder only) or pyelonephritis by the ascending route; or Microorganisms, as a rule from the urethra, are brought into the bladder on catheters or cystoscopes (Morello, et al., 2013, p. 211).

Thank you for including the considerations for comfortable bowel care, antipyretics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatories. Considering that the incidence for diagnosis increases to 50% of older men, the impact to daily life could be dramatic (McCance & Huether, 2014). Due to the fact the acute bacterial prostatitis is associated with a bladder infection and caused by the same infecting organism, urine cultures can validate for the practitioner that the most appropriate antibiotic was used as well as identifying any innate resistances (McCance & Huether, 2014). There are times when the initial urine samples are negative for bacteria, a massage of the prostate will produce the causative bacteria for culture (McCance & Huether, 2014).

Pyelonepheritis, also known as a kidney infection is when a pathogen causes infection of the upper urinary tracts, that can include ureter, renal pevis, and kidney interstitium (McCance & Huether, 2014). According to the Mayo Clinic, kidney infections are caused by bacteria that begins in the urinary tract and is spread through the urethra into the kidneys (2014). "Micoorganisms usually associated with acute pyelonephritis include E. Coli, Proteus, or Psuedomonas" (McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 1351). The bacteria present in the kidney causes an inflammatory response and edema can occur.

Citation: Fabbian, F., De Giorgi, A., López-Soto, P. J., Pala, M., Tiseo, R., Cultrera, R., & ... Manfredini, R. (2015). Is Female Gender as Harmful as Bacteria? Analysis of Hospital Admissions for Urinary Tract Infections in Elderly Patients. Journal Of Women's Health (15409996), 24(7), 587-592. doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.5140

The first patient, 18 year old female presented with symptoms of high fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, myalgia, hypotension and signs of septic shock. In order to identify possible bacteria responsible for these symptoms, a vaginal swab was sampled, incubated on agar overnight and stored at 4C, after which they were examined throughout a series of microbiological tests.