Haemophilus Influenzae Research Paper

Yes. On a various type of surfaces Influenza, A and B can survive for 24-48 hours (Bean, Moore,

The Spanish influenza, also known as La Grippe, Spanish Lady, three day fever, purulent bronchitis, sand-fly fever and Blitz Katarrh (The 1918 Influenza Pandemic) was a global disaster which occurred between March of 1918 and the spring season of 1919 (The 1918 Influenza Pandemic). This virus was more catastrophic even than the First World War which was occurring at the same time the influenza broke out, killing more people than the Great War itself (The 1918 Influenza Pandemic). The virus killed more people in one year than in the four years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague (The 1918 Influenza Pandemic). Many questions about the flu’s origin and its nature remain largely mysterious to epidemiologists and scientists alike. (1918 Influenza:

Viral cell culturing has become a commonly used method for the cultivation of viruses. Before cell cultures, many viruses were propagated by the use of an embryonated egg. However, today embryonated eggs are still used for the production of vaccines and for the isolation of avian and influenza viruses. In addition, there are several procedures that must be carried out when a virus is grown in an embryonated egg. For instance, the eggs must be candled (to determine viability) and disinfected before a hole is drilled. Next, the virus must be injected into the appropriate area of a 5-14 day old embryonated egg. Signs of successful viral growth include pocks, hemagglutination, or death of the embryo 2-5 days after injection. In this lab, the purpose was to inject Influenza A Virus (H1N1) strain APR/8/34 into the chorioallantoic sac of a 9-11 day old embryonated egg. Our hypothesis was that the Influenza A virus will grow successfully in the embryonated egg to yield successful results for the following lab.

The influence of influenza during 1918 took a huge toll on the people of the world. They struggled as the pandemic affected nearly all parts of the world, though the different societies dealt with the issue differently due to their cultures and beliefs. When looking at a disease an important factor that comes with curing it, comes looking at where the disease begins. As a disease slowly take out the population, science and the people look for the root cause of the disease in order to control and stop it in its tracks. The world commonly sees Asia or specifically East Asia as to where most diseases and pandemics can be linked to. Rather than just blaming a specific area for the disease developing, taking a look as to how their society deals

These two factors are related to the red blood cell, so when infection occurs red blood cell the first infected area resulting in the human.” Haemophilus influenzae, also known as H. influenzae, is a common resident of the nasopharyngeal mucosa and, in some instances, of the conjunctivae and genital tract. “(Todar, Kenneth PhD) H influenza is commonly transmitted by direct contact also can be transmitted by being inhaled in the nose, which is the respiratory tract droplets. “The colonizing bacterium invades the mucosa” (Todar, Kenneth PhD) and then enters the bloodstream and spreads to the rest of the body, creating an infection. “The host defenses for H. influenzae include the pathways and antibodies to the PRP capsule.”(Todar, Kenneth PhD). The primary role of the immunity defense is the antibody to the Haemophilus. Since this is the best way to fight this bacteria it makes new born babies low risk for this inflection. The HIB vaccine helps to protect the body by using the antibodies against the POP capsule. When infected with Haemophilus influenza, different children will have different symptoms, the symptoms also depends which part of the human body has been infected. For infection in the the middle ear infection, some of the symptoms are difficulty in sleeping, fever, and a fluid draining from the ears, equilibrium is off, loss of some hearing, ear ache,

Despite modern medical and public health standards, influenza remains one of the main principal lethal infectious diseases worldwide [1]. Influenza viruses are responsible for an average of 400,000 deaths per year globally [2, 3]. During previous influenza pandemics (H1N1, 1918; H2N2, 1957; H3N2, 1968; and H1N1, 2009) and seasonal epidemics, many cases of influenza virus-related deaths actually occurred due to bacterial co-infections [4-11]. Since the 1950s, researchers have increasingly focused on concomitant infections with influenza viruses and a range of bacterial agents.

I think many can testify to being guilty of brushing off symptoms like a stuffy nose, and the feeling of fatigue as the common cold, treatable by over the counter drugs. We tend to ignore these minor signs of what could possibly be a very dangerous and severe viral infection, this respiratory infection being the influenza virus. Flu activity most often appears between the months of February and May, leading many to believe their symptoms might be caused by allergies. Although symptoms are very similar, the flu can cause epidemics with the deadly outcomes, as the common cold is just a nuisance for us.

It is well known that Influenza was one of the most spread and dangerous diseases in the past. Moreover, it was a fatal epidemic especially in America and Spain, and it resulted in the death of millions in the 20th century. Now, Influenza is not considered as a real life-threatening but it is still a serious illness (1). So, what is Influenza? And what are its symptoms? And how many kinds of Influenza are there? Influenza is a viral disease that infects the respiratory system, and it can be a fatal in some cases (2). Moreover, it has several symptoms and three main types (3).

The influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are two of the most common pathogens to affect humans; both generally pose no major concern to human life but have the potential to cause catastrophic damage to the lives of susceptible individuals. With many strains of the influenza virus being a constant presence around the world, and S. pneumoniae being a normally harmless commensal bacterium residing in the nasal cavities and upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals , it is likely impossible to quell the spread of either pathogen and so treatments must be found to ensure those with detrimental risk factors are either protected or receive sufficient medical attention in a timely manner in order to prevent irrevocable damage.

Influenza is one of the most important human respiratory infections and its seasonal recurrence is a major contributor to human morbidity and mortality. Seasonal influenza has an estimated annual attack rate of 10-20%, leading to 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths each year [1]. Throughout history, influenza A has also been the greatest contributor of human pandemics. During the last century, four influenza A pandemics (1918, 1957, 1968 and 2009) caused over 50 million deaths globally, created significant social and economic impact on the human society, and shaped future research and public health policies.

Influenza: By Abbey Stansborough What part of the body does it effect: Influenza effects almost all of your body but the most common parts that cause the most pain are your head lower back and legs, there is different types of pain so it isn't the same pain everywhere. Symptoms: Some of the symptoms are: Chills Aching behind the eyes Loss of appetite Sore throat Runny/stuffy nose Sudden appearance of high fever Dry cough Body aches Felling weak and tired These are the symptoms that most people have and they are the most common but everyone is different and some people Causes or attributing factors to the disease: The most common way to catch the flu is by touch or if you come in contact with someone who already has the flu. There are also many

Haemophilus influenzae is a bacterium isolated from the upper respiratory tract of humans. Haemophilus influenzae is a key species in bronchopulmonary and ear, nose, and throat infections in children. Nowadays, these diseases are caused by nonencapsulated (non typable) and encapsulated (typable) strains [1]. Treatment of such infections can be affected by antibiotic resistance.

Background: Haemophilus influenzae is a normal flora colonizing the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract that can cause infections in the respiratory tract. Protein E (PE) is a highly conserved 18 kDa surface lipoprotein which is found in both nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) and typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Among typeable Haemophilus influenzae, H. influenzae type b (Hib) has been recognized as the most virulent type, and it causes meningitis infection in children younger than 2 years. The Hib capsular polysaccharide (Polyribosyl ribitolphosphate) (PRP), is used as an important candidate in the Hib vaccines. The PRP in children under 2 years old is not protective. Accordingly in this study, PE of NTHi, that is a major part of outer membrane, was selected to be applied with PRP.

BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating the role of Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) in acute urethritis are scarce; therefore more studies are needed to define its propensity for causing inflammation of the urethra.

In 1995, J. Craig Venter and colleagues published the first complete sequence of the genome of a self-replicating, free-living organism - Haemophilus Influenzae. Known as H.flu, Haemophilus Influenzae is a bacterium that can lead to meningitis and ear and respiratory problems in children. Before this discovery, scientists had only managed to sequence the genome of some viruses, which are around ten times shorter than that of H.flu. The project took a year to be done and was a huge achievement. Its success proved that the random shotgun technique could be used to whole genomes quickly and accurately, paving the way for future discoveries