Halos Research Paper

The amazing amount of radiation coming from the disk of gas is ripping the galaxy apart.

Truly one of the showpieces of the northern sky is the Andromeda Galaxy, also known as Messier 31, M31 or NGC 224. The galaxy was known as the "little cloud" to the Persian astronomer Abd-al-Rahman Al-Sufi,

Scientists have hypothesized that surrounding most galaxies are huge amounts of matter called dark matter. “Dark matter is matter that is invisible and does not emit light, heat or radio waves. Dark matter does not interact with ordinary matter, and possibly billions of dark matter particles pass through ordinary matter every minute” (Hawking 186-188). Dark matter holds galaxies, stars, and solar

Discoveries of what were termed “nebulae” began in the early 17th century. The first of these discoveries was the Orion Nebula, which looked like a normal star to the naked eye. French scholar Peiresc discovered it in 1610 using one of the first telescopes to be made. Later, in 1656, Christiaan Huygens observed the interior of the Orion Nebula and determined that it consisted of a compact quadruple star system instead of a singular star. During the 18th and 19th century, nebulas were discovered even though astronomers were mainly scanning the sky for comets. Some major astronomers who contributed greatly to the discovery of nebulas, among other things, during the 18th and 19th century were Messier and the Herschel family. Though the instrumentation available to astronomers during the 18th and 19th century were highly advanced compared to earlier times, they weren’t advanced enough to detect the motion of extragalactic objects or their composition. This lack of precision instrumentation, and thus the dissociation from motion of stars/star-clusters/nebulae, were the main reasons astronomers during this

Majestic barred spirals galaxies that show a distinctive bar-shaped structure of stars and gas that slice across their nuclei.

What is interesting about the galaxy is that it is believed to have formally been a spiral galaxy, similar to our galaxy the Milky Way.

Images of the galaxy in the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum show two jets protruding in opposite directions from the galaxy's center. These jets extend many times the width of the portion of the host galaxy which emits radiation at visible wavelengths.[5] At the ends of the jets are two lobes with "hot spots" of more intense radiation at their edges. These hot spots are formed when material from the jets collides with the surrounding intergalactic medium.[6]

The Orion Nebula is one of the closest stellar regions to the Earth. Using parallax measurements, it has been estimated that this nebula is only 1,500 light years away. In addition, the Orion Nebula is a

The Trifid Nebula, M20, (at the upper right in the image) is a “rare combination of an emission and reflection nebula” (Koprolin). This colorful contrasting nebulae is 5,000 light-years from Earth and 40 light-years across. A star forming region in the plane of our galaxy, the Trifid illustrates three different types of astronomical nebulae; red

The Carina Nebula is located in the Milky Way Galaxy in the constellation Carina in the Carina-Sagittarius Arm. It is sometimes referred to as the Eta Argus, referencing the former constellation, Argo Navis, which represented Jason and the Argonauts. It has been estimated at around 7500 ly (light-years) from earth. It was discovered in 1751-52 by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille and was later found to be one of the largest emission stars in the galaxy. Its entire mass is around 900,000 solar masses which is equivalent to 270 million pounds. It contains several open clusters of stars along with many O-type stars. It used to contain thousands of more stars than it does today, but many self-destructed. It is home to the Trumpler 14 and Trumpler 16

The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 100,000 and 180,000 lightyears.

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are very luminous and dense regions in the center of galaxies believed to host Super Massive Black Holes (SMBHs). The electromagnetic radiation sent out from AGNs is conjectured to come from matter that the SMBHs accrete which then takes the form of an accretion disk circling the black hole. These accretion disks are best approximated with an irregular density and temperature distribution made up by very hot gas and plasma~\citep{skadowski2015global}.

These clusters are disk shaped in structure, and their effects are observed in the center of galaxies. Since dark matter halos have a disk like shape they are mainly observed in spiral galaxies, but can be seen in all types of galaxies (Treu 739). The dark matter halos have their own gravity, which directly interacts with the gravity of luminous matter. Essentially, dark matter halos provide a seed which allows regular matter to grow on. As the dark matter and regular matter clump together, their seed expands and they begin to attract even more matter with their accumulated gravity. Over extended periods of time, this attraction between matter and dark matter particles forms the galaxies that exist today. Together the gravity produced by the masses of both dark matter and luminous matter keep galaxies together. Without dark matter halos galaxies would fly apart because there would not be enough mass to keep itself together. Clearly, scientists know that these dark matter halos must exist because through their observations of the gravitational effects it has on luminous matter

Corona Borealis Galaxy Cluster (Abell 2065) is highly concentrated with galaxies. About 400,000,000 galaxies are in this.

This research was able to highlight numerous explanations for our dying galaxies. MUSE (Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer) is used to capture images of UGC 6697 galaxy and its escorting galaxies. There were three major reasons for the lost of our galaxies. One of the most important reasons is the “Process of Ram-Pressure Stripping”. Due to gravitation, galaxies cluster together and the spaces between galaxies are filled with hot gases. During strong wind circulation, these gases can be lost or leave galaxies. These gases are required to create new stars. A second possible reason is “Galaxy Harassment”, which refers to movement of galaxies. When a galaxy bypasses another galaxy or passes through another galaxy, it changes in its shapes and redistribute