Hand, Foot-Mouth Disease

The prototype of norovirus was identified in 1968 by electron microscopy as a cause of Gastroenteritis in Norwalk, Ohio. Human noroviruses are a major cause of Epidemic Gastroenteritis, and Epidemic Gastroenteritis is a major cause of foodborne illness. Outbreaks occur throughout the year, but it is most common in the winter. Causes 19-21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis, and contributes to 56,000-71,000 hospitalizations and 570-800 deaths, mostly among young children and older adults. Responsible for 58% of domestically-acquired foodborne illnesses, and about 50% of foodborne disease outbreaks due to known agents.

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) is an infection that is contagious that resembles the common cold a lot of times. RSV is the most common viral pathogen that causes lower respiratory tract infections in infants. RSV infection in infancy cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia and may incline children to the following development of asthma, the most common chronic illness of childhood. RSV is the most single related cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Epidemics of the virus are seen each winter, 80% of infections typically occur during a three-month period. The virus is not typically severe during infancy but it is rare if it happens. (As, in my case I was born with the RSV virus and was hospitalized for eighteen days and was put on assisted ventilation.) In infants RSV infection can spread to the bronchial tubes and lungs. The virus can also infect adults, in where the infection can cause viral pneumonia, which is sometimes followed by a bacterial infection of the lower respiratory system.

Two of the most common clinical symptoms in childhood disorders is fever and pain . At times when parents present with their children and the different concerns that they have noticed, we as healthcare providers must take them serious and evaluate and investigate each individual circumstance.

Harley, D, Sleigh, A & and Ritchie, S 2011, ‘Ross river virus transmission, infection, and disease: a cross-disciplinary review’, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 909-932, doi:10.1128/CMR.14.4.909-932.2001

Pink or red rash that starts on the face and spreads downward to other parts of the body. Mild fever, swollen and tender lymph nodes, runny nose,

A newly identified enterovirus (EV-D68) caused illness in California children in 1962 and was later named acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). The virus differed from other enteroviruses in the same clade by using a respiratory transmission instead of the oral-fecal route. Worldwide, the enterovirus has a basis in clades A, B, and C with clades B and C predominant in the United States. The diversity is a result of the most recent common ancestor being from 1997 for clade A, 1999 for clade C, and 2007 for clade B (Tokarz et al. 2017). The rapid evolution of the virus presents difficulties in

No known allergies, no sinus, tenderness, no epistaxis, no bleeding gums, patient has partial dentures, one dental carrier noted, tongue is slightly coated, no swelling, lumps or tenderness noted in throat,

Sores would be located on the face, lips, arms, and or legs. In children, the nose is where the disease is most seen. The breakout may begin in one area but will end up expanding to other regions if scratched or disturbed by the patient. The patient would have reddish, raw-colored skin, and flaky, red patches that could appear anywhere on the body. Blisters are itchy, filled with yellow fluid, and pyogenic. Once they burst, they will ooze out and become crusted scabs. Lymph nodes near the infection will be swollen, which is a primal reaction of the human immune system, and the swollen lymph nodes signify whether the body is fighting off infection or

There are roughly “10 to 15 million infections in the US each year” (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2016) due to a non-polio enterovirus infection. The rare strain known as Enterovirus 68 , EV-D68 was first isolated in 1962 in the state of California. It is one of a 100 known enteroviruses, within a group called ssRNA virus that also contains poliovirus, coxsakievirus, and echovirus. EV-D68 is non-enveloped. Unlink all other enteroviruses it displays acid liability and a lower optimum growth temperature. Enterovirus D68 was previously called human rhinovirus 87 by researchers. Multiple outbreaks have been documented in other countries including Europe, Asia and Africa. In 2014 the United States experienced a nationwide outbreak of more than 1,100 people, in 49 states, were affected by a respiratory illness caused by enterovirus 68. In 2015, zero out

A three year old male patient came to the floor from the emergency department for treatment of unexplained fever and bradycardia. Upon arrival to the floor, patients PEWS score was a one and no immediate interventions were needed. Urine specimen was taken, initial results were positive for a urinary tract infection. The patient denies pain while voiding. Intravenous antibiotics were started. According to the head to toe check list, the patient had no variances to chart. The patient was stable and slept well with mom throughout the night. No concerns were noted by parent.

Therefore, the suspicion of polio as a differential diagnosis is mostly days after the onset of symptoms. Isolation of the polio virus is principal to the diagnosis of the disease. The likelihood of polio virus isolation is highest from stool specimen, intermediate from pharyngeal swabs and low for blood and spinal fluids. Polio virus shedding can be intermediate and does increase the probability of polio virus isolation. At least two stool specimens and two throat swab should be obtained 24 hours apart from patients as early as it considered as a differential diagnosis. This is ideally within the first 14 days after the onset of the onset of the disease. It is important to determine whether the polio virus isolated is wild or vaccine related. Serologic test may be helpful in assisting the diagnosis of paralytic poliomyelitis and acute serum specimen should be obtained as early in the course of disease as possible, and a convalescent specimen should be obtained at least three weeks later. Cerebral spinal fluid usually contains increased number of leucocytes and mildly elevated protein. These findings are non-specific and may result in a variety of infections and non-infectious conditions. Therefore, the best diagnostic test is a isolation of the polio virus from stool specimen (Wallace and Oberste,

Poliomyelitis is a contagious viral disease that is transmitted via person to person contact the mouth and than multiplies in the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the symptoms were either non existent or could have been as mild as having flu-like symptoms that would include, sore throat, fever, stomach pain and nausea. Some of the effects in more of the severe cases were mild paralysis, complete paralysis or even death.

It primarily affects elderly individuals in the fifth to seventh decade of life, with average age of onset being 65 years. BP in childhood has been reported from various countries including India. There is no known ethnic, racial, or sexual predilection. BP may present with several distinct clinical presentations and the onset may be either subacute or acute. The characteristic skin lesion is a large tense blister arising on erythematous base or on normal skin. These lesions are most common in the lower abdomen, inner or anterior thighs and flexor forearms, although they may occur anywhere. The bullae are usually filled with clear fluid but may be hemorrhagic. Significant pruritus is frequently present. Oral and ocular

In some AAV-1 viruses, HN is synthesized as a biologically inactive precursor (HN0) molecule that is activated by cleavage of a 90 residue at the C-terminus (Crennell et al., 2000). F-protein spikes influence the viral pathogenicity and provides for an acid pH-independent fusion of the virus to the host cell membrane (Morrison, 2003). Thus, infected cells bearing HN and F proteins can fuse with other adjacent cells forming syncytia visualized as cytoplasmic effects and tissue necrosis caused by the virus (Baker et al., 1999; Lamb et al., 1992). F-protein is synthesized as a 1792 nucleotide precursor molecule (F0) that codes for 553 amino acid residues. The enzymatic cleavage by host-tissue-proteases at position 117 activates it producing a disulphide-linked F1 and F2 polypeptides oriented at N-and C-terminus respectively of the precursor molecule (de Leeuw et al., 2005; Nagai, 1995). HN and F glycoproteins are the main targets of the immune response that provide immunoprotection against challenge with virulent strains and thus form antigenic variants selected in vaccine candidates (Seal et al., 2000; Morrison, 2003). Besides, many mutations have been identified in the neutralizing epitopes of HN and F gene and this warrants re-evaluation of currently used vaccines and vaccination practices (Munir et al., 2012).

Foot and mouth disease is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals (ungulates), these include cattle, sheep and pigs. The disease is characterised by the formation of vesicles and erosions in the mouth and nostrils, on the teats, and on the skin between and above the hoofs. FMD may cause serious production losses and is a major constraint to international trade in livestock and their products. It does not occur in Australia. It would have severe consequences were it to be introduced into Australia. There have been a number of outbreaks in FMD-free countries that have had large socio-economic impacts. The 2001 outbreak in the United Kingdom caused losses of more than 8 billion pounds (approximately $AUD 16 billion).