Hard Temperament: Biologically Based Individual Differences

Psychologists have always debated the role of parenting styles and their influence on the development of children. Parenting styles can be defined as the psychological construct representing the basic strategies that parent use in raising their child (Matsumoto, Juang 2013 p.69). Parenting styles encompass two major aspects of parting those being parental responsiveness and paternal demanding. Paternal responsiveness is essentially the extent at which a parent fosters individuality, self-regulation, and self-assertion. While paternal demanding is the measure of which the parent makes the child

What is temperaments and how is it formed? Temperament is the way a person or in this matter a child or infant would behave or react to an event or their environment (Cook & Cook, 2014). A temperament is formed by nature and nurture, all thought an infant is born with an “innate tendency” the temperament will form as the infant parents reinforce this temperament (Cook & Cook, 2014). Some infants are born more sociable, and others might be shy and even afraid of most things (Cook & Cook, 2014). Everyone needs to feel accepted, and children are not far behind, is important they feel accepted even if their temperament “isn’t easy to handle” or just a breeze temperament (Zerotothree, 2010). A child’s temperament and personality can be a something they have inherited from the infants’ parents, but the environment where the infant grows is just as important as the genetics (Cook &

Within the outline of attachment theory, Mary Ainsworth was the first to provide a detailed description of maternal sensitivity. Maternal sensitivity is a mother 's ability to perceive and understand the meaning behind her infant 's behavioral signals, and to respond to them quickly and appropriately. In study with 73 mothers and their second-born child, stability and main-level differences between measures of maternal sensitivity across settings and over time were studied. Maternal sensitivity was considered at three and six months during bathing, free play on mother’s lap and the starting point and gathering episode of the Still Face Paradigm. Harsh discipline was predicted by maternal sensitivity at three months, which was fully mediated by maternal sensitivity at six months. The widespread attention for sensitive parenting behavior is certainly not without ground, since many studies have shown major relationships between maternal sensitivity and a variety of positive outcomes such as secure attachment, self-regulation, social functioning, and cognitive competence. What started with Ainsworth’s elaborate full-day observation developed into more well-organized methods used across a variety of settings ranging from natural daily routines to play and stress-encouraging patterns.

Behavioral inhibition in children is often linked to the development of social anxiety disorders because it encompasses the likelihood of a child experiencing distress and withdrawal from unfamiliar situations and various stimuli. However, several researchers have indicated that assisting the children to become confident in social environments can become helpful in ensuring they get over the condition. Children with this condition are said to feel anxious and fearful when around strange people, environs, or even situations, hence withdrawing. In fact, they can also stop what they were doing once they notice that they are in an unfamiliar position. Whereas it is observed that some of the children continue to exhibit steady behavioral inhibition, some show more different tendencies as they grow up into adulthood (Frenkel et al., 2015).

“Attachment is an infant’s primary affectional relationship with a caregiver, “quoted from the research paper Parental Behaviors and Beliefs, Child Temperament, and Attachment Disorganization. The possible methods and outcomes of attachment disorganization were inspected and discovered in this correlational research paper. It was hypothesized; by the time an infant reaches twelve months, negative intrusive parenting is a huge leading factor of children’s attachment disorganization. Based off of the affiliation of child difficult temperament, negative intrusive parenting, children’s attachment disorganization and parental strong belief in discipline and control, studies found that negative intrusive parenting is an important factor concerning

It is necessary to differentiate between anxious parenting styles and parental anxiety because these factors were examined in several studies, regardless of an actual diagnosis. The traits that are considered as anxiety promoting include over-control, overprotection, and rejection. Over-control and overprotection are similar as they both deal with a child's independence, however the two manifest separately. Over-control is about psychological autonomy, concerning how parents may exert control over the child's emotional experiences. Overprotection is behavioral, in which the parents have control concerning the child's actions. Rejection is an umbrella term looking at three main emotional factors: approval versus criticism, emotional displays, and social support (Wei & Kendall, 2014) (Festa & Ginsburg, 2011) (Brudinger, Drazdowski, & Ginsburg,

The study of temperament can be used to understand the role of heredity in development. Infants show a variety of temperament in their first week of life. Some infants are irritable, difficult and unpredictable while others are easy, cheerful and relaxed.These inborn traits tend to persist in throughout their lives. The emotionally reactive newborns tend to be most reactive 9 months old, exceptionally shy children were most often the shy 13 year old and emotionally intense preschoolers tend to be emotionally active adults. Additionally, the identical twins have similar temperament compared to the fraternal twins.

All parenting styles associate with the area of a child’s social skills, educational capability, psychosocial growth, and also the negative actions of a child. Parenting is extremely important in a child’s life in order to have a happy and successful life without dealing with unnecessary negative issues that can arise. This portion of the proposal describes literature relevant to the proposed study of this topic. It is organized into four sections: (1) the two aspects on how the parenting styles were based, (2) the four main types of parenting styles, (3) the effects that can result from the parenting styles, and (4) evaluation for results of previous research. The detail of effects on a child’s behavior will be further discussed in the methods section of the proposed study.

Parenting styles have been widely defined by Baumrind into three categories, authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. Parenting styles can be defined as a pattern of attitudes in how parents choose to express and communicate with their children. These styles are categorized based on the level of nurturance, parental control and level of responsiveness (Dwairy, 2004). Authoritative style exhibits high levels of demand, responsiveness and nurturance; authoritarian style exhibits high levels of demand but low levels of responsiveness, permissive style exhibits low levels of demand but high in responsiveness and nurturance (Dwairy, 2004). These parenting styles have been proposed to have a significant impact on a child’s

After taking the temperament test, I discovered that I am a Guardian. This means that I like things to go smoothly and to say in order. I do not like things to be thrown together, I want a schedule that I can follow. In addition to this, because I am a Guardian it also means I like to follow the rules and do what I need to do. Change is something that I do not like and I prefer to do it slowly rather than rushing into it.

M. et al (2016) In the research Concurrent and Predictive Associations Between Infants’ and Toddlers’ Fearful Temperament, Coparenting, and Parental Anxiety Disorders stated that This study investigated the two-way relations between two dimensions of coparenting (the manner parental figures collaborate in parenting), undermining and support, and kid fearful temperament longways from infancy to toddlerhood, whereas inspecting the alleviative role of parents’ anxiety disorders. form information on coparenting and kid fearful temperament were obtained from 135 mothers, fathers, and their firstborns at four months, 12 months, and thirty months. Parental mental disorder severity was assessed with a semistructured interview before the birth of the kid. construction analysis disclosed that, across activity moments, undermining coparenting, however not supportive coparenting, was at the same time associated with higher kid fearful temperament. Parental mental disorder severity was associated with additional undermining coparenting however to not ancillary coparenting. No moderation effects for parental mental disorder or for parent gender were found within the relations between coparenting and kid fearful temperament. we have a tendency to conclude that additional parental anxiety is expounded to a lower quality of the coparenting relationship, that successively is associated to additional kid fearful temperament. additional specifically, it seems that undermining

In this paper, I will examine how parenting style affects an individuals relationship with his or her children. According to Baumrind, there are four main parenting styles, differentiated on levels of support and expectations. This paper focuses on parents with high support and high expectations,who are known as authoritative parents and those who are supportive with low expectations, who are are permissive. These four different styles of parenting lead to very different developmental outcomes for children in social, academic and emotional domains. However, this model does not fully explain parent-child interactions because it neglects to reference the environmental context of the relationship along with any personal differences in temperament of the child. This context introduces complexity such as personality differences, age of child and marital status of the parents. This is an important topic to investigate because of the impact parenting style can have on developmental outcomes for both the immediate child and for future generations.

“Baumrind (1967, 1971) identified three main styles of parenting”, explains Swartz, de la Rey, Duncan and Townsend (2011:65). The three main styles of parenting are authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting and permissive parenting. Furthermore, each one of these parenting styles is associated with certain outcomes based on the behaviour of the child, the type of relationship that the child has with the parent and even the child’s self-esteem. However, according to a psychological expert Cherry (2015) “developmental psychologists have long been interested in how parents impact child development”. In brief, this might mean that, parents’ actions and behaviour have a huge impact on their child, which may cause the child to adopt the behaviour and make it a habit as they grow to be parents. So, as a parent you should always keep in mind that “your kids watch you for a living. It’s their job, it’s what they do. That’s why it’s so important to try your best to be a good role model”, declares Lehman (n.d.). I will now discuss the authoritarian

The purpose of the study by Michael Lorber was to determine how strong the relationship between negative parenting and conflict in parent-toddler relationship is. Researchers took a sample of 260 mothers and children from a “high risk urban sample” in 1975 and 1977. Methodology of the experiment was an assessment of parenting style by researchers and later an assessment of the child’s

Parent–child interaction is linked to a number of child outcomes, including levels of self–confidence and self–esteem, the quality of their close relationship and their emotional well–being (Parke and Buriel, 1998). One of the most difficult job of a person will ever have s being a parents. It plays an integral role in the development of a child and can influence child outcomes. Parenting styles have a great impact on a child’s attitude.