Hardness Of Water And High Quality Water Essay

During the experiment we found out whether the samples had solutes in them by evaporating them and seeing what type of residue is left behind. These materials that are left behind are called TDS (Total Dissolved Solids.) EDTA was one of the tests that we used to test the hardness of the water. C10H16N2O8 is EDTA which stands for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and this would be the chelating agent in the complexation tritation. EDTA provided us with a number for the residue remaining. Another indicator for water hardness is EBT (Erichrome Black T.)

But the result met the expectation because the color of the solution was reached the end point by changing from red to blue. The primary errors may occur because of misreading the buret while measuring the volume of EDTA. Another error can affect the result of the experiment was that letting the volume of EDTA excess the ending point; so that the volume of EDTA was overapply that lead error. The last source of error was that our unknown sample had high percentage in mass of Mg2+, so that we need more than 50 ml of EDTA( which was the capability of the buret) to reach the end point. We had to refill the buret while measuring; and also the large volume of solution made the color harder to recognize the end point. That also led to error.

the ions of SO42-, CO32-, Cl-, and I-,identify them separately, and use the observation to identify the unknown.

For example, sodium chloride is an ion because it components are oppositely charged which are Na+ and Cl-. The ions were measured in the lab by the conductivity meter. There is a straight direct relationship between salinity and conductivity which means that whenever salinity increases conductivity also increases and when salinity decreases conductivity also decreases. If there is less water, but still the same amount of ions, I would expect that conductivity would increase, as there is more ions in less amount of space which makes the salinity increase and as a result the conductivity also increases. The standard curve is a curve that is used to determine the value of unknown quality. It is used for this lab to determine the salinity of the Seven River estuary. The standard curve enabled us to experimentally determine the relationship between two quantities which are the salinity and conductivity. The dilution was made by putting together each part of the sample which were the distilled water and the salted water. We the distilled water in a separate breaker and the NaCl solution in another breaker. We also had a measuring cylinder to use when we were testing the samples. Then, we start using doing each sample that we had and after measuring them we measure the conductivity by the conductivity meter by plugging the conductivity probe in the breaker to get the amount of conductivity in each sample Furthermore, we had to

The Accuracy of our results were (109.71 %, 113.57 %) for the sample and its duplicate pH and both of them were within the EPA standard limits and (1.38 %, 1.44 %) for the sample and its duplicate conductivity and both of them they were not within the EPA standard limits.

Water is essential for life as we know it on earth. It is used by plants

Not all water is alike. In fact, water contains minerals that change its properties. According to the University of Washington in St. hard water is hard water is “water that contains cations with a charge of +2, especially Ca2+ and Mg2+”1. Water picks up these Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations as it moves through soil and interacts with sedimentary rock undergoing a process known as dissolution. Water hardness values can be represented in numerous ways, including milligrams per liter, parts per million, and grains per gallon. The water hardness value becomes greater with the increase in concentration of these cations2. The water hardness in State College, PA is rather high due to the location of the town being on a large amount of limestone3.

All around the world, countries are fighting to keep their drinking water clean. Whether it’s streams, rivers, or lakes, countries have taken great measures to maintain high quality drinking water for both human consumption and animal consumption. Countries must first understand the sources of the polltion, then determine the best methods to eliminate the pollution. Clean drinking water is a valuable resource and a the key to human survival. Plants and animals also depend on water for their growth, so all water must be kept clean. The major contributors to water pollution can be classified in three categories, industrial, agricultural and municipal.

EDTA titration, as well as AA (atomic absorption spectrophotometry) are two main ways in which water hardness is measured. EDTA is performed by adjusting the pH of the water with the use of a buffer, then adding an indicator to the solution, which will turn red if calcium ions are present. If only magnesium is present in the solution, it will remain blue. Then an EDTA solution is added to the solution. The complete reaction of all calcium and magnesium ions with the EDTA solution is represented by the change in color of the solution from red to blue. (Thomson, 2014)AA, or atomic absorption spectrophotometry, is performed by turning the water into an aerosol, which is then burned, and the internal computer system of the machine uses the absorbance of light to provide a number which corresponds to the concentration of ions in the water sample. (The Royal Society of Chemistry Fine Chemicals and Medicinals Group). It is important to use more than one method to measure water hardness, especially a method which relies mainly on the use of technology, to lower the possibilities for human error, as well as to provide multiple values of hardness for comparison.

The start of the experiment consisted of filling up four beakers with de-ionized water to 150 ml. After the beakers were filled to the appropriate amounts they were then labeled with the

The main objective of this experiment is to carry out qualitative analysis to identify metal cations in unknown solution 1.

The cations in both the known and unknown samples were identified by using qualitative analysis, of which were determined to be acidic, basic, or neutral by using litmus paper. Acid-base reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, and the formation of complex ions are often used in a systematic way for either separating ions or for determining the presence of specific ions. When white precipitate formed after adding hydroxide, aluminum ion was determined to be present in the solution. However, nickel was determined to test positive when the solution changed to a hot pink color after adding a few drops of dimethylglyoxime reagent and iron was present when the solution was a reddish brown color when sodium hydroxide was added to the mixture at the very beginning of the experiment. Qualitative analysis determines that ions will undergo specific chemical reactions with certain reagents to yield observable products to detect the presence of specific ions in an aqueous solution where precipitation reactions play a major role. The qualitative analysis of ions in a mixture must add reagents that exploit the more general properties of ions to separate major groups of ions, separate major groups into subgroups with reactions that will distinguish less general properties, and add reagents that will specifically confirm the presence of individual

The purpose of this lab is to determine whether a liquid is hard water or not.

Clean water supply is essential in establishing and maintaining a healthy community. There are two sources of water supply which are the surface water and ground water. Most natural waters are not suitable for consumption as it is contaminated by pathogens and also natural chemicals and minerals. In addition, as a city grew, wastes from human activities contaminate most of the water supplies. Water treatment plays an important role to properly treat a contaminated source of water supply in order to protect the health of consumers. Water treatment process is defined as a process of eliminating pollutants from untreated water to produce a biologically and chemically risk-free water, which is both potable and palatable for human consumption

The purpose of this report is to propose a solution to the problem of reduced drinking water quality due to chemical pollution. Some bodies of water in the United States are becoming polluted from chemicals and restrictions are needed to protect drinking water quality.