He or She? Gender and Ambiguity
Humanity has had an interest in the importance of genders and their roles from the ancient to the modern era. Gender is often confused with an individual’s sex, i.e. whether male or female reproductive organs are present, when in actuality, gender is a fluid and ambiguous state of being. Artistic interpretations so far have favored the latter, from antiquity to works as late as the 21st century, gender is presented as more than an individual 's anatomy. Gender is a complex journey for some that is ongoing and difficult to determine. For outsiders looking in, it is even more convoluted. This confusion is portrayed in antiquity when Attis forsakes his manhood in Catullus’ “Poem 63” which parallels Hedwig’s
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Even though both characters could pass for either men or women, they both proceed to have a form of surgery to acknowledge some fundamental change within themselves. Hedwig’s occurs later in the story while Attis’ is immediate. Hedwig and the Angry Inch provides the audience context regarding why Hedwig pursued the operation in the first place. In the film, Hedwig is seen romantically involved with the American soldier mentioned earlier who wishes to marry him. Unfortunately, he cannot marry another male in East Berlin unless he receives a gender reassignment surgery. In this scenario, we see the societal norms of East Berlin imposed upon Hedwig, leaving him no other option but to follow through with the surgery to marry the man he loves, not necessarily because he identifies as female. Regardless, East Berlin classifies Hedwig as female and allows the marriage. Attis’ genital removal however, is abrupt and occurs when he is “excited in a fantastic rage”(Poem 63.4), making the whole experience appear delusional and chaotic. Immediately after Attis is referred to as she by the narrator, showing how quickly the author changed Attis’ gender identity. In both instances, this shows how an outsider’s perspective easily shifts as soon as an individual’s genitals are altered, whether or not it is how that individual chooses to identify.
Later on, both Attis and Hedwig express regret altering their genders after believing they have been abandoned by those they desired.
This article is of use to the contextualization of Ancient Greek Art as it presents the sultriness of the times, including the possibly more liberal perspective men and women during those times had about the human body. Through the article, there are images and memories relating to the myths of those times which have been repressed. This article provides a more playful and romantic perspective of Ancient Greek Art, one which very much views the human body as a
How we learn gender is part of gender socialization. It begins the moment we are born and continues till the end of our life. We are exposed to many factors that may influence our gender identity. Some of the factors are, media, our experience in school and our parents. In Martin & Kazyak’s essay titled “Hetero-Romantic Love and Hetereosexiness”, he explains how the media plays a part in shaping a child’s gender identity. In Thorne’s essay titled “Girls and Boys together…” he explores how sex segregation occurs predominantly in elementary school. In the film “Tough Guise”, Katz explains that men aren’t naturally violent but are taught to be so. And lastly, in Cornell’s essay titled “Masculinities and Globalization” he says that there are
Everyone goes through changes in life, especially ones that define who you are. In David Kaplan’s short story “Doe Season,” he portrays a young tomboyish girl that metamorphosis into a young woman over a short hunting trip. Not only does the young girl enjoy spending time with her father, but she enjoys the things that he does – shooting, camping, hunting. This is not typical of your average girl, or even a 9-year-old girl. Throughout the story there are symbols that show the audience Andy’s conflicts with herself and her gender or sexuality. It is also clear that she struggles with herself and her gender role in society.
The main argument is about the problem posed for the modern viewer by the eroticized body of the political ruler, which wasn't a problem for the ancient - Mesopotamians; that sexuality was inextricably linked to potency to male vigor and manly vigor to dominance and authority. In other words, Irene Winter's thesis is about sexuality signifying rule in ancient times.
New graduates of college usually ask themselves if What am I if I don’t work, this one question can have a variety of answers. Many different careers usually make a person’s identity. In the short story The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, and in the story Bartelby the scrivener by Herman Melville, there is a theme of identity. In the metamorphis, by Franz Kafka, the transformation that Gregor undergoes, which would be his transformation into a giant beetle or a cockroach, it is open to interpretation. This helps us focus on larger issues of identity for himself and his family. A way to approach the issue of identity, is to ask the question is Gregor still Gregor if he looks like a bug. Due to the fact that we as readers, have access to his thoughts, we can
In ancient Greece, it was crucial that men proved their masculinity in order to uphold their worth and earn them a place in social establishments. An important aspect of human life is a man’s masculine identity and how it plays a role in society. However with this idea of masculinity came limitations that were not to be crossed. Ancient Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, both function to provide their own view on masculinity in society through the reverse sex similes. In the Iliad the crucial role of Achilles as a warrior and his association with maternal protection, as represented through it’s reverse sex maternal similes, ultimately proves problematic. This intrinsic part of man to fight on the battlefield to win timê and kleos is ultimately
Often times in literature the body becomes a symbolic part of the story. The body may come to define the character, emphasize a certain motif of the story, or symbolize the author’s or society’s mindset. The representation of the body becomes significant for the story. In the representation of their body in the works of Marie de France’s lais “Lanval” and “Yonec,” the body is represented in opposing views. In “Lanval,” France clearly emphasizes the pure beauty of the body and the power the ideal beauty holds, which Lanval’s Fairy Queen portrays. In France’s “Yonec,” she diverts the reader’s attention from the image of the ideal body and emphasizes a body without a specific form and fluidity between the forms. “Yonec” focuses on a love not
Studies concerning the lives of women in classical Athens have sparked much controversy because, despite the apparent fascination with femininity manifested in art and drama, we have no evidence voicing the opinions of the actual women themselves. This presents a
In Franz Kafka’s “The Metamorphosis” the character Gregor Samsa is transformed into a giant bug while he is sleeping. Although it is never said why he turns into an oversized insect, the characters never seem to wonder why or how this has happened. It is ironic that even after undergoing something dramatic and life changing as becoming a vermin, Gregor does not question his transformation; his reaction undermines the situation entirely. Irony in “The Metamorphosis” is a reoccurring theme that affects each of the characters in the story. Gregor, who was once a genuine hard working, family orientated man, is now a beetle who feels guilty about not being able to help his family anymore. Gregor’s family sees him as a burden. Their bitterness towards him instead of sympathy through his ordeal is greatly satirical.
The narration “Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka, when examined through the feminist lens, shows society’s confining expectations towards both sexes in which conformity to the patriarchal structure is inescapable. The modern feminist movement created a need for inquiry into feminist issues; thus, as Gardner et al. outlined the objectives of feminist criticism, an unnatural confinement by a patriarchal society of both genders into preconceived roles becomes exposed (1269). The protagonist, Gregor Samsa, becomes a frightening example of what might happen to somebody who fails to adapt to this strict arrangement, while his sister Grete seizes the chance to empower herself within the narrow confines of her family, which mirror the rules of society. Her brother, unable to cope, ends up cornered and dehumanized as a complete “misfit” in the eyes of society. For a short while, at her brother’s expense, Grete develops and thrives, but her future is foreshadowed. She will subsequently adhere to society’s expectations, get married, and follow the typical life cycle of a patronized female. Franz Kafka’s “Metamorphosis,” then, allows the critical reader of feminist issues valuable insight to the workings of patriarchal oppression and gender stereotypes by presenting the affected characters’ actions and attitudes.
Gender Portrayal in The Odyssey The Odyssey is a classic tale filled with monsters, heroes, gods, and perhaps the most shocking, poor gender representation. It follows Odysseus’s journey home to Ithaca and his wife, Penelope. Penelope is an interesting character in this story, especially in the third part of Simon Armitage’s translation.
The title of Sarah B. Pomeroy's book on women in antiquity is a summary of the main categories of females in the literary imagination and the societies of ancient Greece and Rome, over a period of fifteen hundred years. Beginning with goddesses, Pomery retells some Greek myths, outlining the social functions of female Olympians – the goddesses are archetypical images of human females, as envisioned by males. Desirable characteristics among a number of females rather than their concentration in one being are appropriate to a patriarchal society. Demosthenes states in the fourth century B.C. this ideal among mortal men, "We have mistresses for our enjoyment, concubines to serve our person and wives for the bearing of legitimate children (Pomery 1995)." Pomery’s goal in writing this book was to detail and outline the true significance of women in all other their roles in antiquity.
In the world of Ancient Greece, a large array of deities were worshipped. Each god had their own forms of identification in which they used to express themselves. This includes things such as personality, style, sexuality, and many other things. One of these forms of expression was gender. The Greeks seemed to focus more on the two typical genders, which are male and female. Some Greek gods seemed to play into certain gender roles, but others portrayed traits of the opposite sex. In this paper, I will be analysing the possibility that the Greeks believed the female and male genders were closely connected and that is why many of the gods are described with blended aspects of gender.
Research Question/Problem: whether gender is a social construction and what types of genders there are
It was 40 years of struggle for Reynah until he finally discovered his true self to undergo a sex change operation to match his sex with his gender.