Head And Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas Case Study

Several points are made throughout the novel, proving that the town was very poor. The author states, “There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County.” (Lee 5). What the author means by this is that the town was so distraught by the depression that there was absolutely nothing to do because no one had money. The author also states, “Are we poor, Atticus?”

CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE 1. China's one child policy has left a detrimental impact on the Chinese society. The Chinese government created the one child policy, which limits Chinese couples to only having one child, in order to control population growth. The one child policy was not a good idea because it has had a harmful effect on couples and their families, it has only contributed to helping the population decrease very minimally, and children are socially and mentally impacted by it.

Laryngeal carcinoma is considered as the most common head and neck neoplasm diagnosed by the otolaryngologists (40% of patients had stage III or IV when first evaluated), while 98% have squamous cell carcinoma (the most common pathological type); in addition, the incidence of lymph node metastasis depends on the tumour stage (30% for T4 lesions).1

Considering the possibility of malignancy in the lesion, the patient underwent a punch biopsy and a fine needle aspiration biopsy within one month of being seen by the ENT surgeon. Microscopically, the specimen consisted of normal appearing squamous epithelium overlying inflammed minor salivary glands which completely replaced by an infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells. No malignant cells were seen in the fine needle aspirate.

All malignant tumors have tendency to metastasize and OSCC metastasize via lymphatic channel before any route. Sentinel lymph node(SLN) is defined as the first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor and oral cancer drains first in neck nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a procedure in which the sentinel lymph node is identified, removed, and examined to determine whether cancer cells are present and can give information regarding spread of tumor. This information can help surgeons to determine the histological stage of the cancer per-operatively, and develop an appropriate treatment plan accordingly. If SLN is negative then elective neck dissection can be avoided that helps to reduce morbidity with better cosmetic outcome, preserve lymph node containing B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and other types of immune system cells, hazard of injuring nerves (spinal accessory nerve, cervical plexus, laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerve, facial nerve and lingual nerve) and vessels (internal jugular vein and tributaries, carotid artery and its branches) per-operatively.

A total of 1855 biopsy specimens were accessioned at our biopsy services during the study period (2002 – 2006). In this period, 37 cases were salivary gland neoplasms accounting to 1.99% of all biopsy specimens accessioned. Of 37 cases, 11 were benign neoplasms (29.72%) and 26 were malignant (70.27%). The common tumors overall was Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and Muco-epidermoid carcinoma (MEC) (Table 1).

HPV-16 DNA was found to be present in 50% of all cervical cancer biopsies while HPV-18 was found to be present in 20% of the cases. These figures proved that HPV-16 and 18 play an important role in cervical cancer development.

Nevertheless, the low prevalence of sinonasal malignancy is supplemented by a great diversity of neoplasms that may arise in the anatomically complex region. Further, the rarity and peculiar features of some of these neoplasms lends itself to a greater risk of misdiagnosis 1. For these reasons, sinonasal malignancies remain a challenging area for pathologists and head and neck surgeons alike. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like features is a relatively recently described type of sinonasal carcinoma related to HPV. This subtype has morphologic overlap with basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, it, however, can be distinguished by absence of squamous differentiation, surface level epithelial dysplasia, as well as a significant ductal component on histologic analysis. In this case series we present two patients with HPV-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like

Oral squamous cell carcinomas are rapid in growth and are not due to sunlight exposure. Refusal to eat due to the tumors on the tongue and/or surrounding gums, drooling, bad breath, and swollen lymph nodes, are symptoms. Oral carcinoma’s needs to be diagnosed early. If not, the prognoses is not good and death is eminent.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has important and distinctive clinicopathological features in the field of head and neck pathology. The existence of a swelling in the upper half of the neck that occurs due to cervical lymph node enlargement should warn the physician to a possible nasopharyngeal carcinoma regardless of race or geographical location. Examination of the nasopharynx is essential and must be carried out with great care, using special equipment if necessary. Biopsy of the nasopharynx should be carried out in all suspected cases, even if no tumor is seen. In difficult cases, the diagnosis may be aided by special diagnostic techniques including serology and imaging. A careful planned diagnosis will avoid misdiagnosis. There is a high

Most of my family comes from Mexico and only recently, about 25 years ago, have they decided to come to America. The migration to a different country has changed the religious views of many of my family members in various ways. My family members never expected that this move would change their religious views.

Evidence for a causal involvement of HPV in the pathogenesis of OPSCC comes from epidemiologic and molecular studies. The earliest suggestion of a possible link between HPV and squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity (OSCC) was made by Syrjanen et al (1983) where the group observed that some of these tumours have morphological and immunohistochemical features indicative of HPV infection. 59 Subsequent studies have supported the predilection of the virus for oropharyngeal cancers. In two case series (1996 and 1997), 50% and 60% of tonsillar carcinomas were HPV positive, respectively, in comparison to 6% and 10% of tumours at other oral sites.60,61 Additionally, Gillison et al (2000) and Stransky et al (2011) confirmed that the only HNC subsite with a demonstrated carcinogenic role for HPV was the oropharynx.21,62

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) type 6 or 11 is most common causative organism for benign epithelial tumors of the upper respiratory tract termed as papilloma1. Both adults and children can have this problem. Infants and children may present with wheezing, hoarseness, or stridor. In children between two to five years of age, the diagnosis is made by inspection of the larynx. The goals of treatment are debulking, improvement of the voice and remission of the papillomas2. Pediatric patients require multiple treatments, most commonly with the CO2 LASER.

In the United States, cervical cancer is known as one of the most common cancers amongst females and it is estimated that 1/3 of the females diagnosed will die (Parkin, Bray, Ferlay, & Pisani, 2005). HPV 16 is the most common detected virus in cervical cancer patients, but there are 14 HPV types that are considered high-risk (Parkin, Bray, Ferlay, & Pisani, 2005). HPV is related to cervical cancer as the virus changes the cells of the cervix and causes cervical dysplasia, which untreated, leads to cancer (Dizon & Krychman, 2010). Examining the problem from a global perspective, Biological Study on Cervical Cancer (IBSCC) study group, concluded that “HPV DNA was detected in 93% of the tumors and … HPV 16 was present in 50% of the specimens…” (Bosch, Manos, Muñoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto & Shan, 1995). This group collected samples of 1000 patients whom were diagnosed with stage 3 cervical cancer from 32 hospitals in 22 countries (Bosch, Manos, Muñoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto & Shan, 1995). As, represented earlier with current statistics, it’s evident that more people are diagnosed each year with cervical cancer that have HPV present

Oral cancer affecting the back area of the mouth, tonsils and throat is called oropharyngeal cancer, and according to the CDC, 72 percent of the cancers in the back of the throat involve oral HPV. But