Head Trauma Case Study

     Fifty Thousand cases occur each year in the U.S. (Ramirez, 1996). One shaken baby in four dies as a result of this abuse (Poissaint & Linn, 1997) Approximately 20 percent of cases are fatal in the first few days after injury and majority of the survivors are left with handicaps ranging from mild to

In 1962, C. Henry Kempe published an article discussing symptoms of shaken baby syndrome it was more towards the symptoms from abuse and not from accidents. Some of the physical indicators he discussed were poor skin hygiene, malnutrition and fractures. Depending on the age of the child and if the abuse has been ongoing there could be older fractures. John Caffey, a pediatric radiologist, following up on Kempe’s work in 1972 and 1974, suggested that babies could be seriously injured without outward signs of trauma to the body. “He described a constellation of clinical findings that were used to coin the term ‘whiplash shaken baby syndrome.’ Caffey’s observations…noted common injuries including retinal hemorrhages, subdural and/or subarachnoid hemorrhages, and minimal or absent signs of external cranial trauma.” More recently, the syndrome has been described as abusive head trauma resulting from shaking the baby, with or without impact (Isser & Schwartz, 2006). Shaken baby syndrome is a serious brain injury to a child. When a child is shaken repeatedly it causes tears in the brain tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. The child’s brain collides against the skull and it can cause bleeding and swelling in the brain. Up to the age of five years old a child can be a victim of shaken baby syndrome. It is most common in children who are between three and eight months old but the highest rates are in infants who are between six to eight weeks

Non-accidental trauma (NAT) is a leading cause of childhood traumatic injury and death in the United States. It is estimated that 1,400 children died from maltreatment in the United States in 2002, and abusive head trauma (AHT) accounted for 80% of these deaths (Paul & Adamo, 2014). AHT, also known as shaken baby syndrome or inflicted traumatic brain injury can be caused by direct blows to the head, dropping or throwing a child, or shaking a child. Though the incident may only last for a few seconds, the effects can last a lifetime. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States, abusive head trauma (AHT) is most common in children under age 5, with children under one year of age at most risk. Nearly all victims of AHT suffer serious, long term health consequences such as vision

Child abuse can take the form of physical cruelty, neglect, or emotional or sexual abuse (1). Abuse- related craniocerebral trauma or non-accidental head in- jury (NAHI) accounts for only a small proportion of all child abuse, but is conspicuously over-represented in the first year of life (2). NAHI is the most frequent non- natural cause of death in infancy (3), and the most com- mon cause of death overall between the ages of 6 and 12 months (4). The clinical spectrum ranges from trivial bruising to severe trauma with fatal outcome. The shak- en baby syndrome (SBS) is a common form of NAHI in which the victim is held by the torso or the extremities and violently shaken, causing abrupt uncontrolled head movements with a marked rotatory component.

“The systematic study of child abuse in the United States began in 1962 with an article called “The Battled Child Syndrome”, the article examined evidence of repeated bone fractures in children. ”(Child abuse) The article led to the range of studies in the United States. Hundreds of thousands of children in the United States alone are victims of child abuse including sexual, physical, and emotional harm. There are many children that get abused today.

Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of death in abused children. More than 4 out of every 10 of these deaths are seen in children who did not reach their first birthday. Also commonly referred to as abusive head trauma, SBS is the consequence of an infant being violently shaken with resultant neurological damage. This damage causes a sequence of events in the brain, starting with hypoxia, which leads to cerebral edema and an increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The increase in ICP leads to ischemia and a decrease in the cerebral perfusion pressure, which has devastating consequences.

In the past few years, kids have been getting lots of injuries from sports like soccer and football. Because of this, the American Medical Association (AMA) has a new set of rules to prevent the average of between 1.6 million and 3.8 million concussions a year. The policy states that if a player seems to have a head injury they must be taken off the field immediately and they should only return if the doctor permits them to. It’s not all the grown-ups job though. If a kid’s head is hurting then he has to confront the coach even if he doesn’t feel totally comfortable doing so. The policy also sets guidelines to head injury treatments that are specific to the child’s age. If you notice that you have nausea, blurry vision, sensitivity

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) approximately kills 306 babies each year in the United States, and causes severe brain injuries to 1000-3000 infants. The term “Shaken Baby Syndrome” (SBS) is often used by doctors and public to describe Abusive Head Trauma (AHT). Shaken Baby Syndrome was coined at the 1970s, yet it is no longer used at many children’s specialized hospitals such as Sydney children’s hospital. Pediatricians more commonly use terms like Abusive head trauma (AHT) or inflicted traumatic brain injury. Although that Shaken Baby syndrome is highly dangerous and common, many people have not heard of it. Therefore, healthcare professionals must warn parents and caregivers about Shaken Baby Syndrome through showing the

On Tuesday, February 21, 2017, at 2:00 p.m., the Investigator traveled back to the Cypres Gardens Center, after Mr. Talebi called to mention that the patient, Ms. Lindio Martin is willing to provide an r/s. In addition to Mr. Charles Cornelius r/s that afternoon.

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a condition that manifests in infants and young children due to a severe incident of physical abuse (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2011, p. 632). More specifically, rapid, alternating jerking movements of the head results in SBS (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2011, p. 632). According to Hockenberry & Wilson, “1200 to 1400 children are shaken . . . every year in America” (2011, p. 632); of those shaken children, “25% to 30% die” and the others who are a victim of abuse will have “life-long complications” (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2011, p. 632).

In the article, “Child-Abuse Detective”, the author interviews Professor of Pediatrics Carole Jenny about her experience with linking youth injuries to child abuse. Professor Jenny and her fellow doctors discovered that in the past few years doctors have misdiagnosed childrens’ injuries and missed the abuse that caused the injuries. She and her peers worked unfunded in order to research this shocking fact and their discoveries were just as shocking. It was found that “abuse-related head injuries in babies and toddlers are misdiagnosed almost one-third of the time” that they were seen by doctors (“Child-Abuse Detective”, 1999).

Ambulation, Atrophy, Anguish. Due to a failure in muscle nourishment, people that suffer with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis suffer with paralyzes. This unfortunate, incurable disease impacts a person mentally and physically; victims have knowledge of what happens around them, but cannot respond to change. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, also known as CTE, is obtained when a person suffers from repetitive head injuries. CTE has four main different ailments that cause the victims to respond to CTE in different ways. Recent studies have shown that athletes are more vulnerable to concussions and head traumas, because they typically experience physical contact with other athletes. Due to personal problems or past experiences, a person that suffers mentally can obtain head traumas that can also lead to ALS or CTE. For this reason, athletes should be exposed to changes in rules and obtain a better knowledge of these diseases. Although physical contact sports can cause a player to suffer from ALS, CTE, or concussions, sports should

Head injuries is defined as any external structural damage or functional impairment of the cranial contents. In the United States, it is estimated that there are 1.7 million head injuries, in which 275,000 are admitted to the hospital and 52,000 in deaths. However, many individuals do not seek medical attention when having an injury thus affecting the actual number of reported cases. When a patient has had a head injury, the health care practitioner needs to collected information that will guide him/her to utilized the appropriate diagnostic test. The information that needs to be collected include a description of injury from the patient or witness of the traumatic event while identifying the cause of the head injury, how it occurred (direct or indirect injury), and what type of force was exerted. Also, confirm the patient’s level of consciousness at the time of the injury and after

In the cases of inflicted brain trauma, abuse can sometimes be difficult to diagnose because the baby may not have any external marks, other than bruises on chest and extremities from where the infant was held (Lyden, 2011). Researchers say that retinal hemorrhages in infant’s eyes should be considered as signs of abuse until proven otherwise, although they acknowledge that retinal bleeding in infants can be caused by other conditions, those conditions can be ruled out through history, physical exam, and labs (Lyden, 2011).

Drosophila has already proved to be an extremely useful model for studying human neurodegenerative disorders. The inflicting mechanical injury on flies by rapid acceleration and deccleration produces outcomes that are similar to outcomes characterstics of closed head traumatic brain injury in humans10. Closed head traumatic brain injury are most common form of traumatic brain injury. For that reason we choose high impact trauma device which reproducibly inflict closed head traumatic brain injury in flies. We establish high impact trauma device in our laboratory according to laboratory conditions. We facilitated three springs with different spring strength, we observed the mortality index data using these springs at different strikes. On the basis of MI24, we select 10 hits at 5min time interval with impact force 3.65Nm. From the observation data, we were observed that the MI24 and MI48 values have not shown any significant difference so we were proceed our study by estimating the mortality index parameter at 24h. At single strike, the temporary incapacitated flies fell to the bottom but did not contribute to any external damage like head, body and appendages most of incapacitated flies were recovered in 5min interval. We examined that recovery of incapacitated flies was intiated within 4hr after 10 hits.