Health And Social Care Intervention

Individual factors were found to be a predictor of functional limitation and frailty in older adults. Several studies showed that personal characteristics, such as ethnicity, female gender and age (Espinoza & Hazuda, 2015), gene (Interleukin-18 gene) (Mekli, Marshall, Nazroo, Vanhoutte, & Pendleton, 2015), education and health status, demonstrated an association with frailty (Chang et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2014; Fried et al., 2001; Mitnitski et al., 2015; Tocchi, 2015). Furthermore, it is clear that comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM), stroke, hip fracture, history of coronary heart disease (CHD) and arthritis significantly increase the risk of frailty (Ambrose, Cruz, & Paul, 2015; Zaslavsky et al., 2013).

In the later stages, the individual may become emotionally and physically frail and their reliance on care will increase to the point where they will no longer be able to care for themselves.

More people are living much longer lives than in years past. People are very surprised to be living much longer lives than they thought they would. Health care has played a large part in patient longevity. There are many normal changes that come along with aging, however, because people are living longer these normal changes can become chronic problems. Common aging problems that can make the older adult a vulnerable population are reviewed in Gerontological Nursing (Tabloski, 2014) and can include nutritional needs, medication management, sleep changes, oral or mouth care, renal problems and musculoskeletal concerns. According to A Profile of Older Americans: 2013 (http://www.hhs.gov), there are a large amount

Many elderly and their family cannot determine what are normal aging and what are not; therefore, educating them is the key role for nurses to promote safety and health for older adults. Not only assessing physical changes but also mental health assessment is important because those age-related physical changes may cause depression in older adults, which leads to other problems like “difficulty with sleeping,

What the article may have insinuated was that of the importance of care for the elderly, but also may have enforced elderly stereotypes. The articled talked about getting intensive geriatric service workers for those in need. An intensive geriatric service work would be someone who comes by to help a person who cannot do so on their own, such as visiting to make sure their eating and being taken care of, without them having to be in a home (The Record, 2010, B3). As the article portrays the elderly in a stereotypical way, we must move past it and realise that stereotype is not something we should follow. The reason for not following the stereotype of elderly, being portrayed as weak and always in need of help is the difference between chronological age and physical age (Lesson 8, 2016, p.2). The difference between the two is how one is compared to how old they may feel, some elderly feel as though they are younger than they are and that they do not require help or assistance. What research offers us is those who exercise regularly, eat healthier, and stimulate the brain with cognitive tasks as they get older, are at less chance of cognitive depletion, as in decrease in proper brain functioning as they age, such as memory loss, and even physical deterioration

Recognition, evaluation and treatment of this population requires interdisciplinary approach. The interdisciplinary approach collaborate with various groups to provide adequate resources to the vulnerable population. The internal and external factors impact health status of older adults and contributes to vulnerability risk. The internal factor occur due to physiological changes such as increasing age, gender, sensory impairment, memory impairment, substance abuse along with medical co morbidities, malnutrition, decrease in performance of activity of daily living or dependency on care giver or

Thirdly, selecting feasible and suitable frailty assessment tool is a mandatory in clinical settings. From our findings, multiple tools were applying in this particular population. Those tools had both pros and cons in evaluating frailty in clinical settings. Based on our review, the Fried Frailty Index (Fried Frailty Phenotype) has only five components, but it needs a specific device (hand grip measurement) and well-training personnel for assessment frailty. The accumulation deficits model as Frailty Index (FI) has an advantage on flexibility analysis of preexisting database; however, it has numerous variables and time-consuming for assessing frailty. The patient’s self-reported questionnaire, we found that only Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS)

Feasible and usable of frailty assessment tools including less time spending and less specific requirement. Although less time spending frailty assessments or self-reported are more convinient and feasible assessments in clinical settings, those measurements also have some flaws. The Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS) and the Reported Edmonton Frail Scale (REFS) have the issue that older patients may not perfectly recall

Many treatments and interventions have studied to delay or prevent the progress of frailty, but there was no crystal clear of which treatment or intervention have more efficiency in MSK. Therefore, screening frail is mostly implemented in clinical settings since screening frailty is important for monitoring health outcomes, making a clinical decision, and preparing the suitable management in this population. The feasibility and acceptability as well as culturally sensitive measures frail based on clinical circumstance are vital for enhancing care. Preoperative screening for MSK patients who are at-risk of frailty is required to improve the best care for frail or at-risk older adults with MSK across transitional care periods; this will come

2010 ). A study have been conducted that that showed the number of participants with osteoarthritis increases in advance age and besides that almost 58% of older adult are known to have two and over chronic diseases ( Rustoen et al. 2005). Altered in physiologic function along with advanced age results in frailty. Frailty can be defined when an older adult has 3 out of 5 factors such as loss in weight, extreme fatigue, weakness in hand grip, decrease in walking speed and physical activity (Rastogi and Meek 2013). Absolute pain in older adult might influence their mental health (Bell et al. 2004; McCracken and Vowles 2006; Keefe et al. 2013). The effect of chronic pain can be varying such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance and many more (American Geriatric Society

As people grow older, they develop dental problems which lead to nutritional intake issues. Cognitive function declines affecting memory, decision making, conversing, and problem solving. In addition, falls can occur with mental status disturbances. Lack of social interaction, depression, and anxiety also crop up in the elderly. Sleep patterns are altered by restless legs, snoring, and disrupted breathing sequences. At times, pain can be constant from arthritis, osteoarthritis, or other medical issues (Tabloski, 2014).

Reported Edmonton Frail Scale (REFS). The REFS derived from the Edmonton Frail Scale which defined frailty using the accumulation deficit model. The REFS evaluated ten domains for screening cognition function, general health status, functional independence, social support, medication uses, nutrition, mood, incontinence, self-reported performance. A total REFS score is 18, the scores of 12–18 is severe frailty, score 10–11 is moderate frailty, scores 8–9 is mild frailty, scores 6–7 is apparently frail and scores 0–5 is non-frail (Hilmer et al.,

Telepsychology is a relatively new development within the field of mental health service. The American Psychological Association defines it as the “provision of psychological services using telecommunication technologies. . . Telecommunication technologies include but are not limited to telephone, mobile devices, interactive videoconferencing, email, chat, text, and Internet (e.g., self-help websites, blogs, and social media).”(2016). Within the general category of telepsychology, psychological services that are delivered via the internet are referred to as “e-therapy”, “itherapy”, “cybertherapy”, and other similar names. E-therapy is a natural extension of our technological advancement, the growth of psychology as a field, and our ever increasing

      Physiological changes and changes in nutritional requirements are not the only cause of elderly malnutrition.  Illness and physical limitations often affect nutritional status, as 19.7% of people over age 65 have at least one disability and 28.8% reported a limitation caused by a chronic condition (9).  For

As the life expectancy in the United States rises, the number of elderly in the population has also expanded. These increases have led to the oldest-old (people aged 90 and older) to become the fastest growing age group in the country. The oldest-old face many unique challenges because of their age, one of which is disability. Disability in the elderly has major impact upon society 1 and will continue will be a growing burden in years to come.