Health And Social-Economic Impacts

The world economy is a very complex system; in the system harmful externalities disrupt capital flows and determine economic productivity. Most notable of these externalities is inadvertent global warming. Spending towards research and regulation of climate change at both the national and international level are very important in determining current and future business trends. Economists and scientists worldwide continuously debate the pros and cons of emissions reduction and what consequences can quickly follow. Though many have different views on the issue, all can agree that the immediate and long term effects of climate change have become an economic matter of paramount importance. The sweeping impact from climate change will have important fiscal, financial, and macroeconomic ramifications that influence global commerce standards.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1978), health can be defined not only in terms of absence of disease, injury or infirmity, but also, as a state of mental, physical and social well-being. Over the last decades, many studies have emphasized the role of social circumstances on health status. The tight link between health and a wide range of socioeconomic, environmental and demographics factors have been increasingly recognized and proffer an alternative perspective on how to consider public health, social justice and even restructuring of the health care system (Daniels et. al., 2004). The increasingly acknowledgement that health is also a result of cumulative experience of social conditions and exposure to environmental

In this essay, I will be discussing the effect of overacting organizations effecting day to day life. The assignments will discus the epidemiology of health. I will also be discussing two legislations, polices and roles and responsibilities. The purpose of an overarching organization is to progress standard care throughout the system so that quality of care is reflected as important as quality of treatment, through greater accountability, better training, tougher inspections and more attention paid to what patients say (Department of Health 2013).

An added twist on the cap policy allows firms to trade emission allotments between themselves based on the buyer of allotment bargaining with the seller over the proper price to pay for the extra allotment. A two-panel diagram is needed to better understand the logic of trading emission allotments. Figure 4 illustrates the marginal cost of reducing emissions of two firms. One firm is run on older technology with high abatement costs that goes from right to left with zero costs represented at the lower right-hand corner of the diagram. The other firm has newer technology in its plant with lower abatement costs that goes left to right with zero costs represented at the lower left-hand corner of the diagram. The width of the horizontal axis is the reduction in emissions that must be achieved overall to an efficient level.

Whether a person is for it, or against it, my guess is they have at least recently heard of it, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Since its passing in 2010 and recent implementation in January 2014 it has drawn strong opinion both in congress and in the general public. Obamacare as it is commonly known is a dramatic attempt at sweeping healthcare reform. With its passing, the law has implemented several changes to privately funded insurance, lending itself to new consumer protections. Carey (2014) clarifies some of these new consumer provisions along with a brief layout of how the law might affect the ordinary citizen. With the implementation of the PPACA comes a

“The Climate Casino” book by William Nordhaus talks about the dangers of climate change, and the affects it has on our world. Nordhaus uses the comparison about dealing with these dangers of climate change by relating it to a climate casino. Understanding the future damages carbon dioxide does to our environment, that are increasing the negative externalities of global warming. Creates warmer temperatures, abnormal weather, and damaging our ecosystems. Particularly in chapter nineteen of the book Nordhaus emphasizes ways to effectively control the carbon emissions, and start pricing the emissions of carbon dioxide that people put into the air. Pricing people for their carbon emissions can have its complications, but it could also help people understand why they should be concerned about putting carbon dioxide into the air. Nordhaus provides data which shows the impacts on when there is a price on carbon emissions. Looking into it pricing carbon emissions could influence people to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide they are releasing, or increase effective ways to avoid releasing carbon dioxide into the air.

The health disparities among lesbian, gay and bisexuals (LGB) in comparison to heterosexuals has been widely recognized in the literature. There are variations in health outcomes within the LGB community by gender, age, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, among other sociodemographic factors (please see, Agénor, Muzny, Schick, Austin, & Potter, 2017). The impact of discriminatory policies in exacerbating these disparities is a growing area of interest among social policy and public health researchers (Fish, 2008). Given the pervasiveness of these disparities, this paper explores the impact of policies on health outcomes among Black sexual minority women (SMW) within a historical context. An elucidation of the

This week’s assignment is on how health determinants affect a population’s health, I do understand what health is which is being at a states of wellness or free from illness or injury. Or as close to that state as possible because a patient can have a chronic condition and still be at a state of good health just not as good as a person who is free of disease, injury or illness. And I know a determinant is something that determines or effects the outcome of something. So a health determinant to me would be anything that determines or impacts your state of health in anyway negative or positive. To have a better understanding of what health determinants are I did some online research to see was I correct in my thinking of what it means. According to Healthy people 2020, determinants of health is the interrelationships among factors that determine individual and population health. There are interventions that target multiple determinants of health which are most likely to be effective. Determinants of health reach beyond the boundaries of traditional health care and public health sectors; sectors such as education, housing, transportation, agriculture, and environment can be important allies in improving population health. For discussion purposes, I chose to look at health determinants of the HIV population. Population health is any factor that improves the well-being or reduces the inequities in the lives of people that live in a particular community. The five

Countries’ past and future contributions to the accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere are different, Comprehensive strategies in response to climate change that are consistent with sustainable development take into account the co-benefits, adverse side effects and risks that may arise from both adaptation and mitigation options. {3.1, 3.5, Box 3.4} The design of climate policy is influenced by how individuals and organizations perceive risks and uncertainties and take them into account. Methods of valuation from economic, social and ethical analysis are available to assist decision-making. These methods can take account of a wide range of possible impacts, including low-probability outcomes with large consequences. But they cannot identify a single best balance between mitigation, adaptation and residual climate impacts. {3.1} Climate change has the characteristics of a collective action problem at the global scale, because most GHGs accumulate over time and mix globally, and emissions by any agent (e.g., individual, community, company, country) affect other agents. Effective mitigation will not be achieved if individual agents advance their own interests independently. Cooperative responses, including international cooperation, are therefore required to effectively mitigate GHG emissions and address other climate change issues. The effectiveness of adaptation can be enhanced through complementary actions across levels, including international cooperation. The evidence suggests that outcomes seen as equitable can lead to more effective

One organization that I believe to have a positive impact on healthcare in a global context is the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC is a federally run agency under the Health and Human Services Department of the United States government, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. The goal of the CDC is to protect the health of Americans, whether that is while they are at home or in another country. The CDC also works around the world with other countries and their organizations to build personal and community capacity in order to prevent and respond to any immanent threats to health. Thus, CDC works to stop disease and illness from spreading as soon as they develop, thereby preventing their spread not only to the

The Hamilton Project, CATO Institute, Stanford and Harvard all agree that policymakers should set the price of the carbon tax equal to the social cost of carbon (P=SCC). The Cato institute defines SCC or the social cost of carbon as “the present‐discounted value of the net future external damages from an additional unit of carbon dioxide emissions” (Murphy). This is one of the key concepts that is examined when it comes to economic and/or environmental policy decisions regarding CO2 emissions. This in turn means that a hypothetical carbon tax would be equal to the environmental and social negative externalities that are produced by each additional ton on CO2 emissions (marginal cost). The Hamilton project gives a hypothetical tax scenario of $16 per ton and increasing by 4% per year or so in accordance with the inflation rate. The reason for the incremental increase is because $16 is still far below the Government’s central estimate of $23 and below Canada and British Columbia’s carbon tax policies (“New”). Starting at a lower rate will allow for the gradual assimilation into this new tax policy, if it were implemented.

The short term effects of CO2 emissions on a community can be observed by analyzing the state of California. A highly populated area with lots of traffic, California saw a significant increase in CO2 emissions which increased from approximately 425 metric tons in 1990 to 428 metric tons in 1999. This noticeable increase in emissions gave the community the political basis to lobby for change, allowing them to increase emissions standards in California's Low Emissions Vehicle regulations.

In the trailer for unnatural causes, the speaker introduces health by making the statement that, “we carry our history in our bodies.” By this she is talking about factors other than social behavior that influence health. She specifically discusses how an individual’s biological makeup can be a determinate of their future health, however, the environment in which the individual lives in, is a factor that is ignored. Humans are continuously growing, from adolescence to adulthood and so on. However all the time in between growing, contains moments that can influence one’s health and is added or stored into our bodies affecting our overall wellbeing. Examples of health influencing moments include coming into contact with other individuals, or

Did you know that the income of a person has little effect on his or her health? As Marmot explains in his scholarly article, “The Influence of Income on Health: Views of An Epidemiologist,” health is not greatly affected by the income of an individual, but rather the kind of community and the environment he or she lives in. He explains and provides statistics on many distinct perspectives on how people may think that income influences health, including ignorance versus poor conditions, poverty and health relationship, and poverty and inequality. Marmot believes that there are two sides to the argument on how Income influences health. Many may argue that no matter what your income is, if you have clean water to drink and a clean place to live in and proper nutrition, then once the water is clean, having a high or low income won’t make any differences. On the other hand, he explains how poverty influences health and provides the readers with facts and statistic to support his claims. Moreover, Glazer, in her article “Wealth and Inequality” examines a difference point of view on the same topic that Marmo dealt with. Glazer states the liberals and conservatives view points on inequality. She explains how the conservatives believe that we should not tax the rich people more because they are the ones who create jobs for the middle class, whereas the liberals believe that the new era that is emerging is the new Gilded Age. Marmot’s scholarly article is examining the ideas that

In Swaziland, agriculture plays a huge role in all of the individuals’ lives. Over 2/3 of my country’s population work on small farms that grow corn; corn is the dominant in my country. According to Hanran (2000), over 20 million individuals from six other nations, including 270,000 individuals of my own have been affected by the recent famine. As the King of Swaziland, it is my responsibility to find a solution to the famine my country is currently experiencing. The GMO crops that the United States are offering to my country are a short term solution that will help feed the population and save the lives of many. Although GMO foods may have several disadvantages, it has many benefits to one’s health and the general