Health Belief Model

The Health Belief Model is commonly used for health promotion and health education. Its’ underlying concept is that health behavior is explained by perception of the disease and the strategies available to lower its occurrence. There are four perceptions of the HBM, which are perceived seriousness, perceived benefit, perceived susceptibility and perceived barriers. In addition to that, more constructs are added to health belief model that includes motivating factor, cues to action and self-efficacy. Each of these constructs in combination or individually, could be used to determine health behavior. The HBM also provides guidelines for the program development allowing planners to address reasons for non-compliance with recommended health action. The health belief model is a process used to promote healthy behavior among individuals who may be at risk of developing adverse health outcomes. A person must gauge their perceptions of severity and susceptibility of developing a disease. Then it is essential to feel vulnerable by these perceptions. Environmental factors can play a role as well as cues to action such as media, and close friends. In order to determine that taking action will be meaningful, the benefits to change must be weighed, against the barriers to change behavior (Green & Murphy, 2014).

Over one million cases of Chlamydia were reported to the CDC in 2013. Despite this large number of reports it actually was a decrease by 1.5% since 2012 (CDC, 2014). Epidemiology statistics showed an increase in reported syphilis, including congenital. Other sexually transmitted diseases can pose higher risks for acquiring HIV. According to new studies, HIV is growing faster in populations that are over 50 versus 40 years and younger (BenRose, 2014). Factors may play a role in this such as higher divorce rates, new medications, and safe sex measures. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare provider screen for sexual activity and any change in sexual partners to provide routine testing when necessary and education on preventive

Women bear the greatest burden of STDs, suffering more serious health complications than men do. In addition, existing infrastructure for the provision of family planning and prenatal care may permit efficient integration of STD screening for women. Although interventions with women have played significant role in the decline of STDs within the United States and continued efforts need to be direct3ed at sustaining these behavioral changes, studies designed to better understand heterosexual men attitudes and practices regarding STD prevention and particularly warranted. This lack emphasis on heterosexual men, the “forgotten group” is troublesome given their obvious contribution to continuing STD transmission. Research has shown that a man infected with the pathogens causing gonorrhea, chlamydia, hepatitis B, and cancroid can readily infect a woman through a single sexual encounter (Grimley 2004). Men unknowing effect women with greater compilation so with the helpful prevention and the use of condom the rates could drop significantly and better the chance of a healthier community and public

A study by Gerend et al. addresses the common perceived barriers regarding the HPV vaccine, including: adverse effects from the vaccine (55%), vaccine safety (46%), not enough knowledge about the vaccine (37%), not enough research (36%), have not gotten around to getting the vaccine yet, but plan to (36%), and more. The authors suggest that tailoring the conditions in which the participants receive their information regarding the HPV vaccine would increase the likelihood that they would be more willing to accept and adhere to the three-dose vaccine regimen.6

The National Survey of Reproductive and Contraceptive Knowledge includes approximately 1,800 national men and women who are unmarried and between the ages of 18 and 29. Individuals were contacted randomly by phone. All females who responded to the survey were included,

The study did not present a thorough exploration of ethical consequences of collecting personal experiences and the results of sharing them with the public. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the study. Researchers achieved this goal by giving the students information packets about the study and a chance to ask any questions before they signed the informed consent. Results of this study were congruent with previous literature. The results of this study show an increase need of knowledge about STI’s in relation to infertility amongst the younger

The discussion section reiterates the primary purpose of this article. However, it also overlooks key data in the discussion and results sections. The prime focus is on how successful they have speculated the outcomes of the parental attitudes towards using the HPV information and the HPV vaccine. Again claiming that those in the intervention group who received the additional information reported a statistically significant increase and their perceived benefit repeatedly laid out in survey gaining 43% more likely to accept the HPV vaccine. However, more data is revealed in the descriptive and qualitative feedback section. Consequently, while the purpose is stated, generally did not determine value of the tested

The aim of the assignment is to outline at least 2 Theoretical Models that underpin health promotion. The theories chosen in this evaluation are the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory. In order to outline theories which underpin health promotion it is important to first understand what health promotion is. Heath promotion is the process of enabling control over health and its detriments, improving health in the long run.

The interview questions from the study focused on perceived barriers and facilitators to vaccine compliance. The primary focus areas were “religious, familial, peer, and socioeconomic influences on women’s vaccination decisions as well as patients general understanding of HPV, HPV related disease and the value of the vaccine” (Head, Vanderpool, & Mills, 2013, p. 353). They specifically focused on the conversations that occurred with the patient at the point of care, which included patient education on cancer prevention. They found that the reasons the patient refused the vaccination that they did not want to get a shot, the pain of the shot, and they were reluctant to visit again because of the boosters. They also determined that the people did not believe that HPV was an important health issue for them. They also found that: (1) Healthcare providers needed to be more proactive in recommending the vaccine (2) An effective vaccine campaign would help increase compliance (3) Providing reminders about the booster would increase compliance (4) Patients did not want to spend the time to return for the vaccine

Sex education has helped to reduce unplanned pregnancies. (Bonner and Williams 2006). The study showed that because they were taught both abstinence and comprehensive sex education, this lead to a decline in unplanned pregnancies and abortions (Bonner and Williams 2006). It showed in the study that women are more likely to change their attitudes about sex education if they are given accurate information. Most of the women only went to get information from the doctor once they had unplanned pregnancies. Most women’s attitudes about sex education come from friends and not doctors. The study showed that most women prefer to get sex education from a friend and only see a doctor once she has had an unplanned pregnancy (Bonner and Williams

However, the questionnaire administered using the Likert scale is not reliable or valid. This study is a pilot test and this questionnaire needs to be tested for validity and reliability. The intervention is adequately described as a workshop shop with a 1 hr oral presentation and a 1 hr open interactive discussion. The workshop was presented by an experienced gynecological oncologist who has additional training in public health focusing on HPV. All the participants were involved in the intervention however, the study did not provide any evidence of intervention fidelity. The data collected was anonymously completed minimizing bias. There was no mention on the competence of the staff who collected the data.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not a health education program changed the knowledge and attitudes of low-income women, surrounding breast cancer and mammography. The hypothesis of this study is that the education program will have a positive affect on both attitudes and knowledge. This study will measure the constructs of the health belief model to determine what changes have been made from the start of the program to finish. The health belief model is a model that focuses on attitudes and beliefs in an attempt to explain and foresee a certain health behavior, in this case that behavior is getting a mammogram. Women of low-income living in New Hanover county will be recruited to participate in this study.

Support for this expansion of HPV education has been illustrated in recent literature and specifically through the study implemented by Hunter and Weinstein. In this study, 116 undergraduate males were evaluated for HPV awareness and knowledge. Results indicated minimal knowledge and awareness of HPV within this population.17 As a result, the author’s final recommendations were to encourage development and implementation of HPV education campus-wide.17 The ability to broaden HPV education within all university settings will ultimately facilitate an increase in HPV knowledge, limit high-risk behaviors, increase HPV vaccination rates, and decrease the incidence of HPV

The program will measure if the reproductive health education is reducing unintended pregnancies in the two high schools, as well as assessing the knowledge of the “Reproductive Life Plan” among the students. This will be done by creating a pre and post evaluation survey in which will incorporate qualitative and quantitative data. These surveys will be handed out to the 9th grade students in the health science class at the beginning and at the end of the fall and spring semester. For the evaluation process, we will be adopting the five dimensions of the RE-AIM Model which include: reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (PMC, 2010). The outcome data will be share to the high schools’ administrators and the school base clinics’

Health belief model was one of the first and most widely recognized theories of health behavior. (Butts & Rich, 2011). This theory was formulated in an attempt to predict health behaviors by focusing on the attitude and beliefs of individuals. It is aimed to determine the likelihood of an individual to participate in health-promotion and disease prevention programs. (Kozier & Erb, 2011). This theory postulated that if a patient is well- motivated, there is a possibility that he will participate in these activities. Motivation can be derived by the individual's perceptions towards his condition. According to Becker (1974), individual perceptions include patient's perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness of the disease and perceived threat.