Health Care For Chronically Ill Individuals

People of older age are more likely to have long-term or fatal illnesses “In 1995, only 21% of all deaths were among the under-5s, 7% among those 5-19, 29% among those 20-64, and 43% among the over-65s. By 2025, 8% of all deaths will be in the under-5s, 3% among 5-19 year-olds, 27% among 20-64 year-olds and 63% among the over-65s.” WHO 2015. Cancer, Heart disease and more commonly related to the 70-75 age group and also people aged 75 and above have more chance of becoming impaired such as visually, mentally, mobility and hearing. Women with breast cancer deprives women of 10 years of their life expectancy making women that have/do have breast cancer not live as long. The risk of

Scientists believed in 1995 that there was a genetic influence in over half the cases of Alzheimer's disease. The gene scientists are giving the most consideration to apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) as the main gene involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Everyone has this gene; if they did not, they would not be alive. ApoE carries a person's cholesterol through their blood. The effect that this gene has in terms of the brain is not totally understood. Scientists have found that

Suzman, R., Beard, J. R., Boerma, T., & Chatterji, S.Health in an ageing world—what do we know? The Lancet, 385(9967), 484-486. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61597-X

Willcox et al. investigate a group of elderly males that could potentially influence factors in healthy human ageing by studying potential longevity candidate genes linked to the insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway. The Authors state that previous research indicates that the only human gene found to be widely associated with the effects of longevity and healthy ageing is the ApoE gene. The Authors performed a study on a group of genes that were chosen for their relation to ageing phenotypes sourced from previous model organisms. The

It is a known fact that all measures of physiological function decline in human aging. While genetics certainly play a role in the declining of physiological function with age, it can be argued that a fundamental part of aging can be reflected by chemical processes resulting in the appearance of harmful side products of the normal metabolism over time. When enzymes speed up reactions it is harder to slow them down. At the same time side reactions are constantly occurring and more and more unwanted side products are continuously being formed.

It is debateable that women have a higher likelihood of inducing alzheimers disease but only now is it looking certain that the increased Alzheimer 's risk ApoE4 confers is largely restricted to women. ApoE4 is the strongest known single genetic risk factor for Alzheimer 's, a progressive neurological syndrome that takes over its victims of their memory and reasoning ability. APOE-e4 is one of three common forms of the APOE gene; the others are APOE-e2 and APOE-e3. Everyone inherits a some form of APOE from each parent. Those who inherit APOE-e4 from one parent have an increased risk of Alzheimer’s. and those who inherit APOE-e4 from both parents have an even higher risk, but not a certainty.

Many individuals do not recognize the elements of food they consume, whether they’re healthy or unhealthy. In America, we are surrounded by supermarkets and restaurants who sell good and bad foods, which are hard to avoid. We develop cravings such as foods that contain high sugar and fat. This leads to chronic health issues. Whole foods are converted to processed foods, deceiving a person trying to follow a diet. Some believe that we can eat anything and our bodies will filter it out naturally despite what we see in public and hear in the news. According to my independent research, eating all types of food and thinking it will allow our body to figure out what should properly be digested is a strong risk to take.

Researchers explain that apolipoprotein ApoE4, a subtype of ApoE, plays a role in the movement and distribution of cholesterol to repair nerve cells during development and after injury. However, patients without ApoE4 are at a low risk from developing Alzheimer's. Patients with one copy of the gene have an increased chance of developing the disease than those with two copies of the gene (only 25% of the population carries two copies of E4 gene). A recent study found that a specific variation of the ApoE4 gene is associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease, which may explain why many people with ApoE4 do not show any signs of Alzheimer's (Qué es la enfermedad de Alzheimer?, n.d., para.

Genetic risk factors for HS-aging have been recently identified. Unlike AD, the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is not a risk factor for HS-aging [11]. Potassium channel subfamily M regulatory

New research has shown that women are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s than men. Women do live longer than men, therefore makes them prone to develop the disease. There still is some mystery of, about the way women are more likely to develop this disease. Researchers believe that genetics may be a big play in this mystery. In past research, study had shown that the gene APOE-E4 played a role in a risk factor the disease. But recent research has shown that there is still no correlation to whether or not it has a link to

Mutations in the daf-2 insulin receptor?like gene or the downstream age-1 phosphoinositide 3-kinase gene extend adult lifespan by two to threefold. To identify tissues where this pathway regulates aging and metabolism, we restored daf-2 pathway signaling to only neurons, muscle, or intestine. Insulin-like signaling in neurons alone was sufficient to specify wild-type lifespan, but muscle or intestinal signaling was not. However, restoring daf-2 pathway signaling to muscle rescued metabolic defects, thus decoupling regulation of lifespan and metabolism. These findings point to the nervous system as a central regulator of animal longevity. (Wolkow et.al,

As individuals age changes occur physiologically that are part of normal aging. These changes occur in all organ systems and can impact an individual’s quality of life. The changes related to aging can be attributed to an individual’s genetic make up, lifestyle, physical activity, and dietary lifestyle. Being able to differentiate between normal changes in aging against disease process is important because it can help clinicians develop a plan of care (Boltz, Capezuti, Fulmer, & Zwicker, 2012). Creating an accurate plan of care for older adults will greatly impact their quality of life.

Telomeres are directly correlated to the aging of a human body. Although some people might think that shorter telomere lengths are detrimental, the natural shortening of these telomeres are essential to healthy and normal aging. It is natural for cells to divide through mitosis, but each time cells are split telomeres are lost through the process. This is why the telomere maintenance system was evolved to protect the ends of chromosomes (Prescott, Kraft, & Chasman, 2011). Every time a cell is divided, its telomeres are weakened, and stress can accelerate this weakening, and biologically age the person. As a

Aging is the process of becoming older, as we age, multiple mutations occur that concern all the processes of aging well as it compromising a number of different genes. There are many theories of biological aging, such as the Cellular Aging Theory, Immunological Theory, and the Wear and Tear Theory. The Cellular Aging theory describes the process of aging in which cells slow their number of replication, thus giving each species a “biological clock that determines its maximum life span” and how quickly one 's health will deteriorate(Hooyman, 42). After a certain number of years, each cell which follows an apparent biological clock starts to replicate itself less, thus the specific individual or species slowly deteriorates. This theory gives

Death rates, have decreased significantly over the years due to many scientific breakthroughs in medicine. People today are living longer than they did 100 years ago. Or for lack of a better example, Back in the days of the Black Death, you were lucky to be alive in your forty’s. It’s unlikely for people to die at forty over a flu in present day America. However, some diseases, we have only begun to understand a little more. For example, cancer is a big threat to human longevity. According to Peter Crosta, in an article he wrote, “Cancer harms the body when altered cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors” (2015). Treatments for cancer are not as effective as we would want them to be. Cancer treatments