Health Case Study

Progression of osteoarthritis involves of three stages. Stage 1 start from cartilage matrix breakdown follow by cartilage fibrillation and erosion. Disease continues to progress to stage three where synovial inflammation started. With inflamed synovial, synovial membrane produced cytokines, particularly inflammatory cytokines and growth factors which both able to diffuse through synovial fluid and enter the cartilage. This will activates pro-inflammatory cytokines (Pelletier et al, 1999).In short, cartilage breakdown or degrade will lead erosion and release pro-inflammatory cytokine which in turn contribute to joint destruction. In an osteoarthritis knee, Examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines are interleukin-1, IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α.

On Tuesday 06/27/2017, veteran Mr. Saenz walked very angrily in my office with his wife about 11:00 AM. I greeted them and offered to sit down; Mr. Saenz and Mrs. Saenz were very upset and asked me where they need to go as they have VA examination, they both said “nobody tells them anything; they have been sitting in waiting room”. They told me that the lady on the desk told them to come to me.

Glucosamine stimulates production of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, the two essential building blocks of cartilage. Advocates of the treatment say that artificially synthesized glucosamine supplements can jumpstart glucosamine production within joints. Choindroitin is made of many of the same molecules as glucosamine, and essentially serves the same purpose. The long-lasting pain relief and functional improvements that are reported by users of the supplement come as a result of anti-inflammatory agents, an increase in cartilage building activities, and a reduction in the enzymatic destruction of cartilage. Along with a termination in the progression of joint damage, reversal of damage is also highly likely. The rapid pain relief upon initiation of a glucosamine

The first section to be filled out on the CMS 1500 form in boxes one through 13 include patient demographic information as well as insurance information. This information is captured to ensure the proper claim is associated with the correct patient.

Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, is an endemic condition that affects 20 million people in the United States alone. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and is defined as a gradual process of destruction and degeneration or wearing away of the joint cartilage which typically occurs in the older individual age 50 and over (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-overview#a0101). . Although this diease is well known for its association with the natural aging process, it is also prevalent in athletes. Specifically, osteoarthritis of the knee has been said to be the most commonly affected area as a majpr weight bearing joint and is a growing epidemic in relation to sports injuries in the young adult. http://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/guide/ostearthritis-of-the-knee-degenerative-arthritis-of-the-knee. According to, (Vincent), among upper and lower reported extremity sites, the most common region for osteoarthritis to manifest is p’in the medial compartment of the knee. The risk of knee osteoarthritis from knee joint injury is high; approximately 50% of individuals with an ACL or meniscus tear develop knee osteoarthritis [10-15]. A long-term prospective study indicated a relative risk for knee osteoarthritis of approximately 5 for any previous injury of the knee [13]. As cited in, _____, Thelin and colleagues determined that injury of the knee joint was associated with all knee OA in a

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by a fragmentation and erosion of the articular cartilage, which becomes soft, frayed and thinned with alteration of the subchondral bone. It also characterized by the hypertrophy of the bone, changes accompanied by pain and stiffness which finally leads to loss of

My client’s, Miles Meredith, goals are to decrease disease risk, body fat, as well as improve strength, flexibility, and performance. The physical examination determined that Miles is 5 feet 8 inches tall, weighs 166lbs, and has a waist circumference of 34 inches. That puts him at a BMI of 25.24. According to the skinfold test his body fat percentage is at 15%. His other vitals are all within normal ranges. His resting heart rate is 76 bpm, and he has a resting blood pressure of 78/110 mmHg.

Unlike the knee, the articular cartilage of the ankle is uniform in thickness, measuring from 1 to 1.7mm, and displays much higher compressive stiffness than hip or knee cartilage (10,11,19,20). Ankle cartilage may develop fissures attributable to wear; this conditions does not progress to OA as it wound in the knee or hip (10,11,19, 20). Ankle cartilage also does not decrease in tensile strength with age (10,11,19-21). Compared to the hip and knee, ankle chondrocytes have different biomechanical and biologic factors to resist degradation, especially inflammatory markers. Ankle chondrocytes have decreased sensitivity to Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), in particular MMP-8 that is usually elevated in OA (10,11,19, 20, 22). As a result, the ankle joint is unlikely to succumb to damage by inflammatory changes

Adding to the involvement of joint tissues, osteoarthritis has been characterized by a failure of the repair process of damaged cartilage due to changes in the joint. This leads to a formation of a matrix that cannot handle normal mechanical stress. Thus, the tissue enters a cycle in which degeneration dominates the makeup of extracellular

People attended Case Coordination: Keelan, Qavi Isa Psychologist from Monash Health, Carmen a Clinical Social worker from Monash Health, Susy a Family Support Worker from YPARC, Dale a Key worker from YPARC, Keelan’s father Paul, Keelan’s grandmother, and the writer.

Studies have not conclusively proved that Chondroitin helps the body to repair or produce more cartilage, or that it stops further loss of cartilage. Some studies have shown it to be an effective treatment for osteoarthritis, especially osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. A recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (the gold standard in research studies) showed very positive results for patients with joint pain in the hands. Patients who were given Chondroitin reported significant reduction in hand joint pain and reduced joint stiffness than those given the placebo.

Osteoarthritis is an degenerative joint disorder characterised by loss of articular cartilage leading to severe pain and restricted mobility in patient. It affects mostly the joint such as hand, knees, spine, hips, and shoulder. Risk factors such as age, joint injury, excessive repetitive loading, joint dysplasia, gender, genetic predisposition, comorbidities these are some factors which are known to increase risk of osteoarthritis. At molecular level, OA results from an imbalance between the peptides that promote the synthesis of the components of extracellular matrix of articular cartilage and those that induce remodelling of these components. The articular cartilage degradation in OA is due to complex interaction and upregulation of various

Having an increase in medication errors is evidence that change is needed. Patient safety takes priority in the care of a patient. Safety is part of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. If safety of a patient isn’t met first, the patient can have poor outcomes during their recovery. Patients experiencing adverse reactions from medication errors not only affects their safety, but can become a financial burden on them. If a patient has an adverse reaction that affects their health/illness, they may need to stay hospitalized longer, increasing their hospitalization cost. Increase in medication errors is never a good situation, but in order to decrease the errors, Sarah must implement change. Change will help improve

The initial changes in OA are found in the superficial zone of the articular cartilage and consist of an increased water content of the articular cartilage and loss of proteoglycan. Proteolytic degradation of proteoglycan reduces its chain length and inhibits

had metabolic disease and those that had been living in another country other than Taiwan for the year prior to the commencement study2. Moreover, data collected included the following: anthropometrics, sociodemographics, history of menstruation and reproduction, menopausal status, lifestyle, medical history, family cancer history2. In order to assess the daily intake of vitamin D among all participants, the researchers developed a 31-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Cases were expected to assess their diet a year before diagnosis. On the other hand, controls were given one year before their interview to become a participant. In terms of the FFQ, there were 7 responses to be made, which was to be determined by