Health Economics And The Influence Of Health Promotion

Over the last few decades, tobacco and nicotine prevention efforts have risen to an all time high. Prevention efforts focus on education to the public of the negative effects on one’s health when using tobacco and nicotine products, as well as with pleas to healthcare policymakers to increase restrictions on product manufacturing and sales. One policy effort growing in popularity in the United States is called Tobacco 21, which proposes to raise the legal age of purchase for consumers of tobacco and nicotine products to 21 years of age (Farber, Pakhale, & Neptune, 2016). Farber, Pakhale, and Neptune (2016) state that 90% of tobacco and nicotine users begin smoking before the age of 18, with 99% of users starting before the age of 26. Lower smoking cessation rates are associated with earlier ages of initiation and the tobacco industry is known to target youth in advertisement of these products lending to the early age of initiation. The tobacco industry themselves admit that increasing the age allowed for purchase to exclude youth would substantially effect their sales. Tobacco 21 laws also deter adolescents from gaining tobacco or nicotine products from friends 18 to 21 years of age, which is the most likely age group to supply younger teens. With this knowledge, placing tighter restrictions on consumers younger than 21 years of age, using the Tobacco 21 policy, may deter tobacco and nicotine initiation in hopes to prevent individual use at all in the future (Farber

Answer all questions in a complete paragraph with an opening sentence, 3 descriptive sentences and 1 closing sentence.

If 90% of United States smokers could have another chance to redo it, they reported that they would not even have their first puff that initiated their tobacco addiction (Winickoff, Gottlieb, and Mello 2014). The Tobacco 21 bill is a fairly new legislation and already it has shown a decline in underage smokers as a result of its implementation. The results of the survey presented that the public opinion was largely accepting and supportive of the bill. The main argument against the bill is the harm that will come to retailers of tobacco products. Correspondingly, the argument is proven inaccurate and in favor of the bill. The past has shown the improved outcome of the country from the raise in the minimum alcohol age, and researchers regard

1A. Market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services is not efficient. In any given market, the quantity of a product demanded by consumers does not equate to the quantity supplied by suppliers. This is a direct result of a lack of certain economically ideal factors, which prevents equilibrium.

Good health practices like exercising lead to good health, but smoking marijuana and other drugs, bad eating habits, excessive alcohol consumption coupled with biological factors like genetics and age can lead to deteriorating health (Solar & Irwin, 2010). Public policy can help by putting up health campaigns to help the public join towards better health, like weekend aerobics for the public at an open space and a drive to quit smoking and alcoholism by those addicted through different support groups. Public policy can also use the pricing bid to be able to control smoking and alcohol from being accessed, thereby making it more inaccessible to many (WHO,

In calculating the economic influence of smoke-free policies and laws, the Surgeon General considered their constructive effect in decreasing health care costs. Utilizing a simulation prototype, the Surgeon General concluded, if all U.S. workplaces implemented an all-inclusive smoke-free policy, it would result in 1.3 million smokers renouncing, 950 million less cigarette packs being smoked, 1,540 heart attacks and 360 strokes being prevented, and $49 million passive medical cost savings being attained within the first year.” The costs saved would increase over time. (American for nonsmoker’s rights,

This study 's framework was of a statistical nature. The researchers took statistical data from two different years and compared them against each other, with the only changing variable between the years was an increase in sales tax on tobacco products. The data that was collected indicated that there was a decrease in tobacco sales compared to the year before. Thus, validating the null hypothesis by showing a direct relationship between consumption of cigarettes and price. By looking at the observed ration of reduced consumption to increased price ( 12.1%: 30.2% = 0.40) we can estimate the price elasticity. This elasticity shows the responsiveness of the demand of the product versus its change in price. This ratio was an expected value and shows direct correlation to consumption of tobacco products and there price and is consistent with similar studies done on tax increases on tobacco (Amato, et al., (2015).

I personally feel the affect economics have on healthcare or the lack there of, can never be explained any clearer; unless you are experiencing it yourself.

Health has been influenced by many factors such as poor health status, disease risk factors, and limited access to healthcare. All these factors are due to social, economic and environmental disadvantages. According to the World Organization (WHO) (2015), “the social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities, which is the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries”

For students the most direct impact of smoking is that smoking is negatively related to students’ school performance. The results of poor academic achievement dose not reduce students’ self-confidence, but also affect their future employment status. On the other hand, the opportunity cost of smoking is much expensive than other habit. Based on University of Texas’ calculation , the annual cost on smoking for pack-a-day habit is about 3720 US dollars, which includes insurance cost, health care cost and etc.. Nevertheless, the cost in Canada should be much higher because the average price for a pack of cigarette in the US is only $6 but $10 in Canada. Besides, the currency exchange rate and price index will grow up the expenses for

The historical evolution of health promotion and disease prevention in the United States began in the eighteenth century. Back then Public health was limited to individual cities and it was focused on treating and protecting those in the cities from a disease that may have been brought in by travelers. The public health department would go around and inspect the ships and harbors in search of people who may be carrying a disease and they would quarantine them(Williams & Torren, 2008). Then in the nineteenth-century public health began to become more advanced. They discovered that poor sanitation was causing diseases. So they begin to focus on improving social and environmental conditions in the cities. These public health activities were mainly

Society is unaware of how vital epidemiology and political economy is to cardiovascular disease and as well as their well being. One of the leading causes of death in society is cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease usually occurs in low income families. An epidemiologist studies the causes and transmission of the ailment within a population. As an epidemiologist, they need to take into account factors such as: the population’s usage of tobacco, an individual’s unhealthy diet, and the person’s physical inactivity. In political economy the use consumption of tobacco products is one of the most profitable and an influential cash crop as it heavily influences individuals. Political economists see “different groups as having

The P.E.R.I.E. process is illustrated in this case by the steps taken to address the issue of smoking rates in adults, being impacted by the rise in adolescent smoking behaviors. The first step of this process is the Problem. In this case, the text indicates, the problem is the growth rate of smoking teens in the 80’s and 90’s (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). This in turn, led to an increase in adult smokers. This would raise rates again, after previously lowering them by approximately 50% (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). The next step is Etiology. In this step we correlate smoking with cancer and the rise of adult smoking rates with the growth of adolescent smoking rates. This in turn, correlates adolescent cigarette smoking, to the rises in cancer (morbidity), and deaths from cancer (mortality). The case study also states, “…it was also found that nearly 90% of those who smoked started before the age of 18…” (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). It was determined through behavior modification (preventing adolescent smoking), the rate of adult smokers would reduce. Thus, recommendations were introduced. The case study reveals, adolescents were targeted in cigarettes advertisements and marketing (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). Cigarette availability was also an issue. Implementations of sales and advertisement campaign policies, were altered in reference to miners. The text reveals, once evaluated, strategies to reduce adolescent smoking

Aim of this work is to analyse tobacco tax in Germany and find out under which circumstances it can be used as instrument to increase revenues from this excise tax for the state or to discourage smoking. The German market was analysed to find out that roughly 26% of the population are smokers, generating revenue of 13.37

I am writing to express my interest in the PhD scholarship in Health Economics at Monash University which was advertised in seek career website on 14th September 2017.