Health Effects Of High Intensity Interval Training On Type 2 Diabetes

However, due to the United States’ aging population, along with an increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes is on the increase. Of the approximately 313 million population count in the United States, 97 million adults are overweight or obese. “Both excess body fat and physical inactivity predispose to type 2 diabetes. Several ethnic groups are particularly susceptible to Type 2 diabetes” (Scott 1134). Hispanics, blacks,

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are a growing problem around the world today. Not only do diseases such as diabetes and heart disease affect individuals and their lifestyles, they also affect the economy, politics, education and the professional work environment. 20-26% of individuals in the United States live with heart disease, and obesity and high blood pressure compose the greatest factors for developing this disease [20]. Studies have shown a direct correlation between the amount of sedentary time and cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk, regardless of baseline measurements [20]. Thus, increase in physical activity will decrease cardiometabolic risk factors [8]. Several studies indicate a positive correlation between physical activity and decreased cardiometabolic risk markers [2,4,11,16]. However, we now know that an individual who is getting the recommended physical activity per day can still have a large amount of sedentary time.

While not the leading cause of death (mortality), there is a high prevalence of both obesity and diabetes in the population, justifying the selection of these health issues to be addressed in the

Modern urbanised living is associated with lower levels of both recreational and occupational physical activity due to significant advances in technology over the last number of decades. With this decrease in physical activity comes a decrease in energy expenditure. However, this decrease in energy expenditure is usually not associated with a decrease in energy intake, consequently leading to energy surplus (Noland and O’Gorman 2013). This excess energy is then stored primarily as adipose tissue but can also be found in other body tissues. Although physical inactivity has been linked with more than 30 chronic diseases, diabetes being one of them, a vast amount of the population still don’t meet the current recommended physical activity guidelines (Nolan and O’Gorman 2013). The impact

Metabolic syndrome is a prevalent illness that is negatively impacting the health of individuals around the world. This prevalence is due to a rise in the rates of adult obesity, and is resulting in excess mortality due to an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes.1,3 It is defined as a cluster of conditions that occur together, which increases the individual’s risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes.2 Metabolic risk factors responsible for this syndrome include having a large waistline, a high triglyceride level, a low HDL cholesterol level, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood sugar.1 Three of these risk factors must be present in order to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, with the

The idea of recognizing fatness as one of the major factors causing diabetes has spread widely throughout different societies; however, within this context, there have been numerous gaps that could have been filled by taking the role of essential factors like genetics and family history into account. Instead, the stigma coming from the state of power in the society dictates that it is the physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and over nutrition which inevitably cause diabetes. Also, diabetes could happen to people in different range of age even in people who are considered healthy. As Darlene McNaughton mentions in her article, the so-called linkage between state of being fat and having diabetes demonstrate the evidence in an over-exaggerated way and in the same time devalue the significance and intricacy of this problem which is turning into a crisis in public health (2013, 81).

There were 47 patients for this study, both men and women between the ages of 60 and 80 years, overweight, recently sedentary, nonsmokers, and had established type 2 diabetes without the use of insulin. The subjects were separated between two groups by the type of exercise they would perform. Both were provided a healthy eating plan designed to provide a moderate weight loss of 0.25 kg/week for the course of the study. Adherence to the diet was assessed in biweekly interviews with the participants. Both groups visited the exercise lab 3 nonconsecutive days per week for 6 months. The control group exercise was designed to increase flexibility but not improve cardiovascular

Exercise can increase the amount of hormones circulating though your body and can cause receptor strength to be increased, improve physical appearance, state of mind, and organ function. Throughout the eight weeks, I have seen a lot of those things come into play, especially physical appearance, and my state of mind. These have happened not only with the fitness activities we’ve been doing as a class in our labs, but on my own personal fitness as well. I’ve also noticed my metabolic rate. Although my blood sugar can also improve due to exercise by the increasing of my insulin sensitivity by reducing my bodies blood concentration, I have not had a way to track that nor did I pay attention to this specific adaptation. I feel like there are a lot of endocrine responses our body has that can our eyes cannot see. Especially since we’re talking about hormones

Obesity is generally common in DS and as a result T2D may develop (de Winter, Bastiaanse, Hilgenkamp, Evenhuis & Echteld, 2011). The prevalence rate of Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed before age 20 in DS people had increased significantly over the past year due to diet and sedentary lifestyle (Australian Institute and Health and Welfare, 2013). The predisposing factors of a person with DS and MID to develop T2D are the same as in the general population. These factors include familial traits, age (45 and above) obesity and sedentary lifestyle (Taggart, Coates & Truesdale-Kennedy, 2012). Normally, the body uses insulin to breakdown the sugar and carbohydrates into glucose to use it for energy. With T2D, the body does not produce enough insulin in order to convert the glucose into energy or the body increases insulin resistance to the normal effects of insulin (Diabetes Australia, 2015). Based on the research literature, self-management of the symptoms through education regarding their diet and exercise given by Health Care Provider (HCP) can lead to better health outcomes if the person is compliant. However, the presence of T2D is complicated and more demanding for a person with DS and MID. There are many health problems associated with daily management regime including food preparation particularly diabetic diet, being physically active, monitoring and interpreting blood glucose level (BGL) and lastly

Today, millions of new people become affected by type 2 diabetes every year. Diabetes ranks seventh among the leading causes of death in the United States and is causes more deaths than breast cancer and AIDS combined. Most people don't know how deadly this disease is. Weight loss is a primary goal towards preventing the disease. Therefore, almost every day companies introduce new medicines, pills, and diet plans that promise weight loss. These techniques are not always effective and they can be extremely expensive. However, there is an inexpensive old stand-by called “exercise” that has been proven over and over to reduce and control weight. Exercise is the most offered suggestion by doctors to prevent adult onset diabetes. People have to

An increased amount of lifestyle variations over the recent years has led to the prevalence of a serious health condition known as Metabolic Syndrome. The major factors associated to its increase have been associated with the altered lifestyle patterns such as dietary habits, increased amount of energy-dense foods in diet and decreased physical activities. Numerous expert panels have studied the progression of this syndrome along with other associated risk factors like obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases. Majorly, impaired glucose tolerance was one determining factor observed with any one of the following other factors responsible for progression of Metabolic Syndrome, which were: elevated blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol levels, abdominal obesity and microalbuminuria. Consequently, cardiovascular disease risk

What was once thought to be found only among adults has become one of the most common chronic diseases among children in the United States. Ordinarily, when diabetes strikes during childhood it is assumed to be type 1. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study began in 2000 and has provided the most comprehensive estimates of the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes among youth less than 20 years of age in the US (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that annually, an estimated 18,436 youth are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, and 5,089 youth are diagnosed with type 2 among youth. In the last two decades, type 2 diabetes, has been reported among U.S. children and adolescents with increasing frequency. Disease researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention made the prediction that one in three children born in the United States in 2000 will likely develop type 2 diabetes sometime in their lifetime unless they get more exercise and improve their diets, particularly for Latino children (CDC, 2014). Without changes in diet and exercise, their odds of developing diabetes as they grow older was about 50-50.

The study on morbidly obese patients looked at a correlation of low caloric intake and aerobic physical activity (Nordstrand et al., 2012). Aerobic exercises showed stronger clinically positive results. However, as mentioned in previous studies such as the study by Peter and his colleagues, limitations included a lack of randomization, lack of follow up and lack of knowledge of adherence to the guidelines of the study. However, when assessing obese participants in the study by He and his colleagues there was a very strong correlation with weight reduction and blood pressure. Such outcomes may be due to

Insulin resistance is a key feature of metabolic syndrome, which is a physiological condition where the cells in the body fail to respond to the normal action of the hormone insulin (Yoshida, 2008). Furthermore linking to this, abdominal obesity is often thought to demonstrate a relationship with insulin resistance and hypertension. Further to this, all these conditions discussed are all associated with cardiovascular risk. This demonstrates how many conditions can be branched off from just metabolic syndrome, therefore it is important to first consider whether the different indicators/evidence of metabolic syndrome share underlying causes that can represent ‘casual targets’ for therapy/treatment, or if these just represent a cluster of ‘risk factors’ that need to be treated/dealt with one by one, on an individual basis (Hjemdahl, 2002).

Obesity in the United States has more than doubled over the past four decades. Prevalence of obesity cause many other disease such as diabetes and heart issues. Obesity can be described as a health condition of a person or people of a population that have excess body fat. Diabetes is a disease related to high level of blood sugar in the blood. Obesity and diabetes are among disease that have direct relationship with each other. As obesity increase in a population, diabetes increases too. Jennifer B.Marks, Professor of Medicine at the University of Miami Miller researches in “Obesity in America: it’s getting worse”, Roger Z. Joanne a public health provider in the Obesity Action Coalition group researches in “Obesity and type 2 Diabetes”, Eckel H. Robert, Professor of Medicine in Colorado University researches in “Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: What can be Unified and What needs to Be Individualized”, and Obesity Society group researches in “Your weight and diabetes”, mention that while obesity and diabetes have different definition in medical process, the reason why people become obese and diabetic as well as how to prevent them is same. Eating larger portion size than what the body needs , lack of physical activity, and putting foods without good quality in diet are the major reasons that people become obese.