Health Paper

They require the products of the light-dependent reactions to function. The light-independent molecules use ATP and NADPH to energize the making of new carbohydrate molecules. After the energy is transferred, the carrier molecules return to the light-dependent reactions to obtain more energized electrons and the process starts all over again.

L. Relate the functions of the antenna complex and the reaction center in a chloroplast

The purpose of experimentation was to determine if light intensity had any effect on the rate of photosynthesis as tested through absorbance values, to determine which wavelength of light was most effective for photosynthesis, and to determine which pigments contributed most to each peak of the action spectrum and how the absorption spectrum correlated to the action spectrum. In plant cells, there are two photosystems located in the thylakoid membranes which utilizes light in order to provide power to the electron transport chain. Light energy is absorbed by photosystem I which excites electrons and then moves them to the next stage in the process. It was hypothesized that, as the chloroplasts are exposed to higher light concentrations,

Chloroplasts – The organelle that is most involved with photosynthesis – the conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy or “food” for the plant. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the light and converts it into adenosine triphosphate that provides the plant necessary energy. Chloroplasts also free oxygen from

In photosynthesis H+ ions are vital in the production of the energy source that is ATP, which is used in several metabolic processes, such as respiration. The photolysis of water produces H+ ions, electrons and O2. The excited electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain, this energy is used to transport the H+ ions (protons) in to the thylakoid, which causes a higher concentration of H+ than there is in the stroma, thus causing a proton gradient across the membrane. The H+ then proceed to move down the concentration gradient into the stroma via the enzyme ATP synthase. The energy from this process is called chemiosmosis and combines ADP with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. Light energy is then absorbed by photosystem I (PS I) which excites the electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons are transferred to NADP with H+ ions from the stroma to form reduced NADP. The whole of this process is

The process of photosynthesis, by which light energy is used to convert inorganic compounds into organic substances with the release of oxygen, may be the most important biological event sustaining life (Keir et al. 2017). In the light-dependent reactions, the chloroplasts of a plant use the pigment chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy. This energy is used to split water and produce oxygen (Eller et al. 2015). The energy is later used in the light independent reactions, where carbon dioxide (CO2) undergoes carbon fixation with the aid of enzyme rubisco, because it catalyses both carboxylation and oxygenation reactions and most of responses of photosynthesis to light, CO2, and temperature (John Evans 2013).

The light dependent reactions in a cell uses the suns energy to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) for the Calvin cycle. The process starts when light strikes an electron in the absorption pigments in the leaves of the plant. The electron jumps away onto the electron transport chain, and the absorption pigment is left with a positive charge. This pulls electrons off of the hydrogen atoms in water in the nearby lumen. This causes an imbalance in the concentration of positive ions between the lumen and the stroma, causing the protons to leave the lumen and move into the stroma.

Absorption spectra of chlorophyll RQ- How does different wavelengths of light affect the rate of photosynthesis? Background information - Photosynthesis is an enzyme controlled process where autotrophs convert light energy to chemical energy. This chemical energy is stored in the form of organic compounds i.e. carbohydrates. Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Photosynthesis is performed differently in different organisms, however the initial stage is always the same that is, and energy from light is absorbed from proteins called reaction centres, which contain green chlorophyll pigments, which are present inside chloroplasts. It is this organelle which allows this process to occur in certain organisms.

As sunlight is absorbed by the plants they stars the process of photosynthesis. When chlorophyll absorbs the light energy, an electron gains energy and it is excited. This excited electron is transferred to other molecule which is called primary electron acceptor. The chlorophyll molecule is oxidized and has a positive charge on it. This results in the splitting of water molecule and the transfer of energy to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and reduce NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).ATP is an energy source and NADP is an electron donor. They both plays important role in the photosynthesis process. Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of plants

Now, each excited electron passes from the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II to Photosystem I through an electron transport chain. This electron transport chain is made up of the electron carrier plastoquinone and a protein called plastocyanin. The exergonic fall of the electrons to a lower energy level provides energy for the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). As electrons pass through the cytochrome complex, the pumping of protons builds a protein gradient that is subsequently used in chemiosmosis. Meanwhile, light energy was transferred via light-harvesting complex pigments to the Photosystem I reaction-center complex, exciting an electron in the Photosystem I chlorophyll a pair. The photoexcited electron was then transferred to Photosystem I’s primary electron acceptor. The electrons falling from the electron transport chain can now be accepted by the pair of chlorophyll a molecules that just lost an electron. Now photoexcited electrons are passed in a series of redox reactions from the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem I down a second electron transport chain through the protein

One is traded while the remaining five G3P molecules persist in the cycle and are used to rejuvenate RuBP, which permits the system to prepare for more CO2 to be fixed. Three more molecules of ATP are used in these regeneration reactions. When a photon of light strikes a pigment molecule, the energy is passed from molecule to molecule until it reaches the reaction center which contains a particular form of chlorophyll A. The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because this pigment is best at absorbing light having a wavelength of 700 nm. The chlorophyll at the reaction-center of photosystem II is called P680 because its concentration spectrum has a peak of 680 nm.

Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy and reduced reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis. Oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor during respiration. Oxygen is the byproduct of a water molecule breaking down in the beginning of photosynthesis to supply photosystem II with electrons. There is no role of oxygen in photosynthesis. Oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor during respiration.

Photosynthesis begins when photoreceptors absorb light molecules and transfer the energy to neighboring pigments until it reaches the reaction center. The transfer of energy to neighboring pigments is called resonance energy transfer. The photoreceptor in chloroplasts is chlorophyll and there are two main types: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a and b absorb different light wavelengths of the spectrum. Light harvesting complexes that contain antennae molecules such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and accessory pigments all absorb light energy and transfer it between neighboring molecules (resonance energy transfer) until it reaches the reaction center.

     Photosynthesis has a two-stage performance before plants produce the two products they are known to produce. These stages are Photosystem I and II. Photosystem II is dependant on light reactions for energy which causes the electrons to be react and be transferred to Photosystem II. The electrons are transported through the Photosystem II electron transport system, however some energy is used to drive ATP synthesis. Meanwhile, light is being absorbed by the Photosystem I, which causes the electrons to react. This process sends the electrons to the Photosystem I transport system where some energy is released as electrons travel through the electron transport system and is captured as NADPH. When this process is completed oxygen is released from the plant and glucose has been

     To metabolic pathways involved in photosynthesis are light reaction and dark reaction. The first stage of the photosynthetic system is the light-dependent reaction, which converts solar energy into chemical energy. Light absorbed by chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigments is used to drive a transfer of electrons and hydrogen from water to and acceptor called NADP , reducing it to the form of NADPH by adding a pair of electrons and a single proton. The water or some other donor molecule is split in the process. The light reaction also generates ADP, a process called photophosphorylation. ATP is a versatile source of chemical energy used in most biological processes. The light reaction produces no carbohydrates such as sugars.