Heart Rate Variability And Cognitive And Mind Body Therapies On Cardiovascular Conditions

Zajdel Yung D., Thong T., R. Beck Ellingson V. & Oken B. 2003. Effect Of Nicotine On Heart Rate Varibility. 923.5.

At the latter end of the p-q interval, atrial contraction occurs forcing additional blood into the ventricles. At the beginning of the QRS interval on an ECG reading, the mitral valve closes and the ventricles are at EDV (135ml). During the QRS interval, ventricular contraction occurs increasing the pressure in the ventricle and the aorta. When the pressure continues in the ventricle exceeds the pressure in the arteries, the aortic valve opens and blood is ejected. The increased pressure continues through the t peak. The ventricles are now in ESV (65ml) and the aortic valve is closed. Now the ventricles are relaxed causing pressure to fall and the cardiac cycle starts over again. This ECG reading was from a normal tracing. Keep in mind that an ECV is easy to obtain, but there are some subtleties that are very complex.

A heart rate monitor could have been used instead of the manual method, which would produce a more accurate result of the heart rate measurement. (http://www.topendsports.com/testing/heart-rate-measure.htm).

Arrhythmias are irregular rhythms of the heartbeat which can be fast paced or slow paced.

4. Atrial hypertrophy would probably have what effect on an electrocardiogram? *spike the p wave

The authors then share their analysis on the changes of heart rate and GSR at the many different points throughout their study.

The resting heart rate fluctuates over time because it is under control of the autonomic nervous system and the fluctuations are a result of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems trying to balance each other out.

If the resistance increases, cardiac output decreases and the blood pressure increase and if the resistance decreases, cardiac output increase and the blood pressure decreases. During each contraction, the amount of blood pumped out by one ventricle is stroke volume. The number of heartbeat in each minute is known as heart rate. The normal heart rate value for adult is 60-100 beats per minute. The cardiac output is directly proportional to the stroke volume and heart rate. The average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle is mean arterial pressure (MAP), which is directly related to the cardiac output and resistance. The instrument sphygmomanometer with an air cuff attached to the reservoir is used to detect blood pressure associated with the pulse.

The effects of heart rate on differing durations of exercise were studied in this experiment. For people, heart rate tends to increase as they perform physical exercises. The amount of beats per minute gradually increases as people perform physical activities. Heart rates taken before exercise are relatively low, and heart rates taken one minute after exercise increase significantly. Heart rates slowly begin to decrease after they are taken two minutes and three minutes after performing the step test, which is to be expected. The rates of intensity throughout exercise relates with changes in heart rate throughout the step test performed in the experiment (Karvonen 2012). The age of the participants affected the experiment, since the heart rate during physical exercise, in this case the step test, is affected by age (Tulppo 1998).

Though data from vagal stimulation was disregarded, it is still important to mention the responses that should have been elicited had the vagus nerve been stimulated properly. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is a part of the parasympathetic nervous system and reduce heart rate when given enough electrical stimulation. Vagal escape occurs when the vagus nerve has been stimulated to the point of the nerve ceasing to repolarize, and then resuming sending action potential for heartbeat. The result is a cease or slowing of heart rate temporarily, and then heart rate starting up again. When atropine is applied to the heart along with vagal stimulation, the atropine blocks any response the vagus nerve should send (Sarnoff et al,

The atrial contraction is represented by the P wave. This is an upward, or positive wave of the line on the graph. The ventricular contraction is displayed by the QRS complex. The QRS

Follow a systematic palpate the sternoclavicular, aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid and epigastric areas using a systematic sequence. Using the ball of hand find the apical pulse then tips of finger over the precordium. Note abnormal finding such as heaves, thrills and fine vibration (purring cat). Palpate the other arterial pulses by pressing with the pads of your index and middle finger. Start at the temporal artery and work down to the dorsalis pedis pulse. Abnormal finding such week pulse could be due to cold weather or can indicate sever heart failure or peripheral vascular disease. Strong or bounding pulsations usually occur in a patient with a condition that causes increased cardiac output, such as hypertension, hypoxia, anemia, exercise, or anxiety. A thrill usually suggests a valvular dysfunction.

Other than the natural noises that get included in the cardiac sound signal, the signals of the patients with cardiac disorders contain high amount of noise and frequencies, sometimes surpassing the FHSs and sometimes cancelling them all.

When it gets lower, than in aorta and pulmonary artery, the semilunar valves close, which goes along with audible second tone (T2). Important: ventricle systoles are not synchronous. They may start and end not simultaneously. Usually it happens like that, moreover, breathing affects the duration of ventricle systoles that is why it varies in time. When ventricle systoles do not end simultaneously, T2 splits into aortal and pulmonary components, each one which caused by the closure of corresponding valve. Second tone components accurately mark the systolic ending time of a corresponding

Now that the experiment has been tested, the results are in there comes the analysis part of the process. After I had determined my calculation I saw where my beats per minute were over a hundred; this consider me to be Tachycardia. Tachycardia refers to an abnormally fast resting heart rate. When examining what Tachycardia was and how it can be affected made me see that different scenarios will affect the beats per minute. Anxiety, caffeine, stress can all cause someone to have such a rapid heartbeat. I remember from when taking the echocardiogram that I was stressed