Heavy Timber Frame Construction

1. According to the dictionary website, house framing is a rigid structure formed of relatively slender pieces, joined so as to surround sizable empty spaces or nonstructural panels, and

• Building technologies (C1, Section 2) evaluates the structural components and functions, and use of materials.

Lightweight wood construction is most often seen in the residential setting. The main types of materials used in light weight wood construction are pre-manufactured I-beams and I-joist, truss systems, plywood, and OSB boards. I-beams and joist are manufactured by placing a plywood or

The best solution can be in those regions of the developed world where the housing deficit in not a major problem. United States of America is among the few countries with country wide standard residential construction with fulfilled market. Wood is the prime structural component of these constructions and is used in over 90% of houses (Piepkorn, 2014). This high use of wood is far more common than in any regions of the world except Canada. Increased use of prefabrication within a controlled environment of a factory have further reduced the costs and improved the process efficiency in these countries. Though the learnings may not be used directly, wood construction using techniques adapted to certain climatic conditions have proven to be successful. Thus this wood frame construction system has been gaining acceptance worldwide owing to its affordability, waste reduction, aesthetics, low negative environmental impact, flexibility in design and ease of construction (Roche, O'Connor, & Tetu,

Concrete can be looked at as a material made from sand, gravel and cement. According to Lambert (2002), “the first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and the Romans from around 300 BC”. Roman concrete like modern concrete was an artificial building material made up of aggregate, binding agent and water. Aggregate could be gravel, chunks of stone, chunks of rubble, broken bricks, etc. Binding agent could be mud , lime or gypsum, mixed with rubbles stone. The Roman added pozzolona, a special volcanic dust found in central Italy (Archserve, n.d). The addition of pozzolona made the bond with the aggregate far stronger than what was traditionally being used. This development drastically changed and shaped construction work in the life of Rome.

Framing was invented in the 1830s by using lightweight material but when it's put together it's strong to hold up a whole

Cement is made from a mixture of limestone, sandstone, ash, chalk, iron, and clay. Researchers discovered the Roman concrete contained aluminum tobermorite, a rare mineral that adds extra strength. Cement was used by plebeians because they were the farmers, craftsmen, laborers, and soldiers of ancient Rome.

If you are in the process of designing your new home, the type of materials that will be used is a critical decision to make. There are many different varieties of building materials that you can use for your home, and while wood is one of the more common, there are many people that believe some commonly spread myths about this option. By refuting the following myths about using wood as a building material for your home, you will have more of the information required for you to make sound choices for your home’s needs.

The Development of Concrete

Concrete is the ultimate building block of society; there are a plethora of ways that it has been used. Romans were some of the first, in recorded history, to use it; they used it to build their aqueducts and even the Colosseum. If anything, the Romans were some of the first to make huge developments in concrete, and they were some of the first to actually use concrete on a large scale. America has also used concrete on a large scale, using concrete to build the Hoover Dam and the Grand Coulee Dam. Those examples show how concrete is an incredibly strong and durable building material that has remained standing after all these years and will continue to be the primary

“Normal people … believe that if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. Engineers believe that if it ain’t broke, it doesn't have enough features yet” (Scott Adams). Wood has been the oldest known building material known to man. It is found in Ancient civilization of Rome to the Babylonians. Wood had with stood the test of time and can be can still be seen in places like the Nanchan Temple which was built in 782, or the Greensted Church which still remain with some parts in tact dating back to the 11th century. But, recently products call “engineered systems” have been slowly working its way in carpentry in this modern century. Yet, similar to many other things that are engineered or improved upon engineered lumber does have drawbacks. Engineered lumber

Trusses are now being made of lightweight wood connected by metals gusset plates. These trusses are usually enclosed with particle board that has been breached by utilities and ductwork. This allows for fire to spread quicker and for the truss to be exposed to fire sooner. Wooden-I beams are also made of plywood sheeting and lightweight wood glued together. These I-beams sometimes also may be breached by utilities and ductwork.  Both of these makes it dangerous for the firefighters

Roman concrete, called opus caementicium [o-pus see-men-tic’-ee-um], was made with a special Roman mortar or cement, called caementa [see-ment’-a], created by mixing water, lime, and a special volcanic ash sand, called pozzolana, that gave Roman caementa its special strength. Roman concrete [opus caementicium] was created by first building a form and then pouring in alternating layers of the Roman caementa and layers of rocks, bricks, or gravels. As each layer of rocks, bricks, or gravels was poured in and spread around, Roman workers would then pound the layers firmly together with a tool called a tamp. Roman cement was special not only because it was strong but because it was also hydraulic—it would set up and harden even under water, which made it handy for building things like Roman sewers, cisterns, baths, and even

Framing is the skeletal support for the roofs, floors, ceilings and walls of houses of all types of buildings. This construction stage is of vital importance since is gives the building its structural integrity and framing is necessary for

Shallow foundations transmits structural loads to the soil strata at a relatively small depth.these are laid at a depth D not exceeding the width B of the foundation i.e. D/B >B).it is commonly used below walls. b. Spread footing- It can be square or circular in cross section. It is commonly used below a column. It can be isolated footing or it can be combined. c. Raft or mat foundation- It covers the entire area of a structure, transmitting the entire structural load or load from several columns.