Helicobacter Pylori And Gastric Cancer

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that develops slowly over many years. Most frequently, stomach cancer starts in the lining of the stomach otherwise knows as the mucosa, and then develops into the other layers of the stomach. There are many ways in which stomach cancer spreads. In some cases it invades near by organs or it can also travel through the bloodstream to for cancer in other organs. There are many statistics and organizations of support for stomach cancer, as well as, symptoms, risk factors, screening and diagnosis’ and, treatments. Like all cancers, stomach cancer is a deathly disease and one of the major leading causes of cancer deaths in countries other than the U.S.

Even though H. pylori is a "neutralophile", it can survive in the very acidic environment in the human stomach due to a variety of acidic-adaptive mechanisms, such as the ability to utilize urease to break down urea

Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that chronically infects the gastric and duodenal mucosa (1). It affects approximately 50% of the population worldwide, and is associated with multiple gastric pathologies, including gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric cancer (GC) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (2). While the majority of individuals infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic, essentially all develop chronic inflammation (3). Among infected individuals, approximately 10% develop PUD, 1-3% progresses to GC and 0.1% develop MALT lymphoma (3). Clinical outcomes of long-term infection vary, as disease severity is thought to be related to a combination of host genetics, environmental factors, and genetic heterogeneity of H. pylori (2). Helicobacter pylori exhibits a much greater genetic diversity than most bacteria, and this is often attributed to the differences in prevalence and expression of bacterial virulence factors that may impact the outcome of gastric disease (4). Several virulence genes related to the risk of gastric disease have been identified, including cagA, cagE, vacA, iceA, and babA2 (2). A large number of studies have shown that VacA producing H. pylori strains are related to more severe clinical outcomes, although the genetic mechanism(s) underlying this observed associations is not yet

Certain factors may make you more likely to develop stomach cancer. Some of these factors are related to nutrition and lifestyle choices. By making a few changes, you can reduce your risk of developing this type of cancer.

Before knowing that the Helicobacter Pylori bacteria caused ulcers, people believed ulcers were known to be caused from stress. They refused to believe it was caused from anything else because they believed that no bacteria could thrive in the highly acidic environment of the stomach. There are links going back to 1940 by Dr. A. Stone Freedberg, who was a cardiologist at Harvard, but his boss pressured him to abandon his research and he favored him to do research in something that would be “easier to prove”. Many scientists gave up on this research is due to the overwhelming opposition from the wider scientific community.

pylori in a common infection, the host undergoes a period of rapid bacterial duplication and subsequent inflammation following colonization of the viscous mucus layer of the stomach. The penetration of the layer is assisted by the bacteria’s flagella and spiral morphology. The low oxygen level and neutral pH of the mucus act as a prime environment for the microaerophilic H. pylori. (Kusters, 2006) Preferably a lumenal pathogen, host cells are rarely invaded by the microbial. Associated with the inflammation is hypochlorhydria that can persist for months, during which the pathogen is released through fecal shedding in large amounts. After at least a few weeks, an immune response develops but it is not very effective in removing H. pylori. Eventually the inflammation subsides to a stable state and the infection becomes asymptomatic but may persist for decades. (Blaser,

Gastric cancer is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Most stomach cancers are adenocarcinomas and according to Lauren classifications divide to intestinal and diffuse types. It's caused by many factors such as genetic, environmental, age, gender, race, ethnicity factors. H. pylori infection is the most important factor. The bacteria is a carcinogen type A. Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative and spiral bacteria. And its urease activity neutralizes the stomach acid. The bacteria cause stomach inflammation that could eventually lead to stomach cancer. In this review, we consider the role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which was discovered in 1983 and is a spiral-shaped bacterium that is found in the gastric mucous layer or adherent to the epithelial lining of the stomach (B. J. Marshall & Warren, 1984). The infection of H. pylori is a common and significant public health problem. It affects more than half of the adult population worldwide (Parkin, 2004). In most individuals, H. pylori infection can be asymptomatic throughout life. However, its persistence may cause chronic gastric inflammation and tissue damage, leading to even more severe gastric diseases. Approximately 20% of infected subjects will develop severe gastric diseases such as peptic ulcers, gastric

Gastric cancer is cancer of the stomach, and it is a fairly rare form of cancer in the United States (Mayo Clinic). Adenocarcinoma, the most common type of gastric cancer, arises from the cells that line the stomach, and it can be very deadly if not detected early. If detected after the carcinoma has metastasized, patients have a very poor prognosis and will usually die (MedLine). Ramucirumab, a monoclonal antibody that can be used alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics offers hope for patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinomas (Aprile).

Gastric cancer, GC, is the fourth most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide; when it is diagnosed it often is considered inoperable advanced or a metastatic disease requiring palliative treatment (Trastuzumab). There is currently no one accepted standard for care, however, fluoropyrimidine-based and platinum-based combinations as well as a third drug, usually docetaxel or epirubicin, is the most used in Europe and the United States. Even tough combination therapies have been reported to benefit those with GC, the actual prognosis for GC remains very poor and new treatments are needed (Trastuzumab). HER2 also referred to as ERBB2, is an epidermal growth factor receptor that has growing evidence

The standard way of thinking about the topic stomach cancer also known as gastric cancer has it that gastric cancer doesn’t have a high death rate. Rather than the death rate of an individual dying from alcohol, drugs, suicide or even someone who’s been in a car accident. However, those may be the main reason of death but in this case it has been know that gastric cancer is now stating to have more and more individuals being diagnosed with it.

The recognised colon cancer is a lifestyle/genetic disease is ultimately developed from the inner lining of the bowel, followed by growths called polyps which can become invasive cancer if undetected. The disease has become more familiar in Australia and occurs more commonly in people over the age of 50. The symptoms are simple to pinpoint, so it is easy to diagnose the cancer quickly and begin treatment. However, while the condition cannot be prevented it can be easily reduced and strategies are available to stop the cancer in its tracks.

Colonization by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to reason chronic gastritis and leads to the development of severe gastroduodenal diseases such as peptic ulcer (gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer), lymphoma of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or gastric adenocarcinoma (1-4). H. pylori-infection is associated with gastritis diseases and considerable infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, plasma cells, and lymphocytes into the human gastric mucosa that contribute to maintain and expand the local inflammation. Migration and activation of these inflammatory cells into the human gastric mucosa is associated to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, involving IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, TGF-β1 and IL-17 which

As there are many causes of peptic ulcer disease, the number one causative agent is a Helicobacter pylori infection. This spiral shaped bacterium was known as far back as 1875. It was discovered that this bacteria inhabited the lining of the human stomach by German scientists. Unfortunately it was impossible to culture at the time so it fell by the wayside and was forgotten ( Hardy, J ). It wasn’t until 1979 that an Australian pathologist Robin Warren noticed that many of his patients who were suffering from gastric ulcers had mysterious bacteria clinging to the tissues of his biopsy specimens. He alongside with his associate physician Barry Marshall, worked endlessly to culture what they saw under the microscope. It was by accident in 1982 that they left their cultures incubating over a five day span and what they discovered upon returning

Chronic Atrophic Gastritis (CAG) is one of the diseases that may progress to gastric cancer. Gastritis including CAG is highly correlated with lifestyle. On the other hand, tea is widely consume by around two-third’s population. The consumption of tea has been associated with anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, and cardioprotective effects based on experimental studies using cell culture and animal models. 4